Article
Food Science & Technology
Wei Guo, Haoyu Yang, Yunzhe Zhang, Hao Wu, Xin Lu, Jianxin Tan, Wei Zhang
Summary: An ultrasensitive and labeled-free fluorescent aptamer sensor combining real-time fluorescence with strand displacement amplification (SDA) was developed for the determination of ochratoxin A in food. The sensor showed good linearity and a low limit of detection, as well as excellent specificity, reproducibility, and analytical performance in labeled detection of wheat and oat samples.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Nan Jiang, Peng Li, Shihao Sun, Wei Wei
Summary: A novel ratiometric fluorescence sensor based on strand displacement reaction and magnetic separation was developed for highly sensitive and selective detection of HMF. The sensor has a wide linear range and high selectivity against other interfering substances, making it a potential tool for food safety and environmental monitoring.
Article
Biophysics
Xiaolei Song, Qin Ding, Yuepu Pu, Juan Zhang, Rongli Sun, Lihong Yin, Wei Wei, Songqin Liu
Summary: A new non-label and enzyme-free fluorescence biosensor for highly specific detection of OTA was developed using TMSD and G-dimer/ThT. The method successfully analyzed OTA in real food samples, offering a new way for OTA and other toxin analysis detection.
BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Jiafeng Pan, Fang Deng, Zhi Liu, Gu Shi, Junhua Chen
Summary: In this work, an enzyme-free biosensor based on toehold-mediated catalytic hairpin assembly and DNAzyme-cascaded hydrolysis reaction is reported for mycotoxin detection. The sensor showed high sensitivity and selectivity, and was successfully applied for the quantification of mycotoxins in wine samples. Additionally, the platform was used to fabricate concatenated logic gates, providing a universal sensing strategy for the intelligent detection of multiplex mycotoxins.
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Hao Yu, Qiang Zhao
Summary: A simple molecular aptamer beacon (MAB) sensor for rapid detection of the carcinogenic fungal secondary metabolite OTA has been developed. The sensor showed high selectivity and sensitivity, enabling detection of OTA in a wide dynamic concentration range. The method demonstrated capability for OTA analysis in practical applications.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Qilin Wen, Dandan Li, Huai Xi, Guidan Huang, Wenyuan Zhu
Summary: A rapid and sensitive fluorescence sensing strategy for the detection of Dam MTase activity was developed based on methylation-blocked enzymatic recycling amplification. This method has a lower detection limit and shorter assay time compared with previously reported similar methodologies.
JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOMEDICAL ANALYSIS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Wanling Cui, Guodong Hu, Feng Song, Rui Wang, Zanxia Cao, Junye Zhang, Tiejun Wang, Fanlu Meng, Congcong Shen, Shicai Xu, Jihua Wang
Summary: DNA methyltransferase (MTase) is considered a promising biomarker and therapeutic target, playing a crucial regulatory role in various biological processes. A cascade strand displacement amplification strategy was developed for highly sensitive and label-free fluorescent detection of DNA MTase activity, showing improved detection sensitivity. The strategy also effectively evaluated the inhibitory effects of 5-fluorouracil, benzylpenicillin, and gentamycin on DNA MTase activity, suggesting great potential for new method exploration and early disease diagnosis.
MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Ye Chen, Ruru Gao, Ruoyang Ji, Wei Dong
Summary: MicroRNA is a vital biomarker due to its abnormal expression in diseases, particularly cancers. A label-free fluorescent sensing platform is proposed for detecting microRNA-21, utilizing the cascade toehold-mediated strand displacement reaction and magnetic beads. The method exhibits a wide linear range and low limits of detection, and possesses great specificity and reliability for distinguishing microRNA-21 from other cancer-related microRNAs. With its fabulous sensitivity, high selectivity, and simplicity of operation, this method offers a promising approach for microRNA-21 detection in cancer diagnosis and biological research.
JOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Yan Xiong, Stanislav Tsitkov, Henry Hess, Oleg Gang, Yifei Zhang
Summary: This study establishes a cascade system using reversible DNA-directed colocalization of enzymes on microspheres to directly evaluate the colocalization effect. In a regime of highly dilute microspheres of particular sizes, the colocalized cascade shows enhanced activity compared to the freely diffusing cascade. The findings provide theoretical support for the rational design of highly efficient multienzyme catalysts.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Sen Li, Yu Kang, Mengdi Shang, Yanfei Cai, Zhaoqi Yang
Summary: Graphene oxide and specific aptamer were utilized for the detection of Ochratoxin A. By optimizing the detection conditions and using appropriate surface blockers, the modified sensing platform exhibited a lower detection limit and a wider linear range, showing excellent selectivity for OTA.
MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Ge Wu, Zhengwei Xiong, Suk-Heung Oh, Yanrong Ren, Qiang Wang, Lizhu Yang
Summary: A two-color fluorescent DNA tweezers developed for ultrasensitive detection of OTA shows a good linear range and detection limit, effectively reducing false positive rate in practical food samples.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Dawei Li, Shen Ling, Dudu Meng, Bing Zhou, Pengda Liang, Bei Lv
Summary: An ultrasensitive biosensor was developed for the detection of tobramycin, which exhibited high selectivity and could be applied in food safety control and environmental monitoring.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Zefeng Mao, Xiaojuan Wang, Ruipeng Chen, Zixuan Zhou, Shuyue Ren, Jun Liang, Zhixian Gao
Summary: The CRISPR-Cas system has made significant breakthroughs in the field of molecular diagnostics. In this study, a biosensing method powered by CRISPR/Cas12a was designed to detect ochratoxin A. Compared to traditional fluorescent probes, this method is faster and has comparable detection capabilities.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Na Wang, Yongjian Jiang, Kunhan Nie, Di Li, Hui Liu, Jian Wang, Chengzhi Huang, Chunmei Li
Summary: A cascade DNAzyme amplifier was designed using concurrent amplification cycle principles of toehold-mediated strand displacement reaction (TSDR) and Zn2+-assisted DNAzyme cycle. Compared to a single DNAzyme amplifier, the cascade DNAzyme amplifier exhibited higher sensitivity by releasing more DNAzyme through TSDR during the DNAzyme cycle. This detection strategy showed promise in early cancer diagnosis due to its ability to distinguish single-base mismatched DNA strands.
CHINESE CHEMICAL LETTERS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Yao-Yao Fan, Jie Wen, Jun Li, Xiao-Wen Yang, Lu Zhang, Zhi-Qi Zhang
Summary: Two structure-switching OTABA aptamers were designed for the detection of OTA, which enhanced the sensitivity of the aptasensors. These aptamers were able to capture the ThT probe and release it upon bonding with OTA, resulting in improved fluorescence intensity. They performed well in corn and peanut samples and met the requirements of food safety inspections.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Lavanya Chandra, Mohammed Jalalah, Mabkhoot Alsaiari, R. Geetha Balakrishna, Farid A. Harraz
Summary: In this study, MnCo2O4 nanoparticles were added to polymeric membranes to enhance their hydrophilicity, permeability, and separation efficiency for proteins and organic matter. The modified membranes exhibited higher water flux, rejection coefficient, and antifouling properties, making them promising for wastewater treatment.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Akshay S. Limaye, Mabkhoot Alsaiari, Pratik Shinde, Arnab Ghosh, Mohammed Jalalah, Chandra Sekhar Rout, Siddappa A. Patil, Farid A. Harraz, Ramesh B. Dateer
Summary: An efficient heterogeneous catalyst with 51.63% palladium (Pd) content was synthesized using mango leaf extract. The catalyst showed remarkable catalytic activity in organic synthesis and electrocatalysis, and exhibited promising recyclability.
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Jahir Ahmed, M. Faisal, S. A. Alsareii, Mohammed Jalalah, Mabkhoot Alsaiari, Farid A. Harraz
Summary: In this study, a novel Acetaminophen (AcP) sensor utilizing a Mn2O3-embedded mesoporous silicon nanocomposite fabricated glassy carbon electrode was developed. The sensor showed excellent sensitivity, a wide linear dynamic range, and a very low detection limit. It was also successful in detecting AcP concentration in commercial tablets and checking potential chemical interference. Therefore, this Mn2O3@PSi/GCE sensor assembly is expected to be an effective route in developing an efficient AcP sensor.
CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL
(2023)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Yingyan Zhao, Qi Liu, Yujia Qin, Yue Cao, Jing Zhao, Kai Zhang, Ya Cao
Summary: In this work, an electrochemical aptasensor was designed for the high-accuracy assay of AFP-L3 ratio. The aptasensor demonstrated the ability to accurately measure the AFP-L3 ratio in a linear range of 0.0008-40 ng mL-1, with satisfactory specificity and good recoveries in complex serum samples. This aptasensor may serve as a valuable tool for the measurement of AFP-L3 ratio and have great potential for early warning of hepatocellular carcinoma in clinical application.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Mohammed Jalalah, Ananta Sasmal, Arpan Kumar Nayak, Farid A. Harraz
Summary: In this study, a Bi2WO6 nanocomposite was successfully synthesized through a single-step redox reaction under hydrothermal conditions without the use of any external acidic medium. The synthesized material exhibited the highest specific capacitance in a neutral electrolyte. The fabricated symmetric supercapacitor device using the synthesized Bi2WO6 nanocomposite showed a high energy density, power density, and excellent durability.
JOURNAL OF THE TAIWAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Characterization & Testing
Mohammed Jalalah, Sumra Zulfiqar, Ayesha Afzal, Zubair Khaliq, Muhammad B. Qadir, Ayesha Abid, M. Faisal, Mabkhoot Alsaiari, Muhammad Irfan, Farid A. Harraz
Summary: Natural fiber reinforced composites (NFCs) show promise as a replacement for wood materials in furniture and households, but their flammability is a limitation. This study investigates the use of eco-friendly and cost-effective fire-retardants to improve the fire resistance of NFCs. The addition of micro-integrated Triphenyl Phosphate (m-TPP) and Aluminum Trihydroxide (ATH) to epoxy resins (EPs) enhances the fire resistance, but reduces mechanical strength.
POLYMERS & POLYMER COMPOSITES
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Mohammed Jalalah, Zubair Nabi, Muhammad Naveed Anjum, Mirza Nadeem Ahmad, Atta Ul Haq, Muhammad Bilal Qadir, Mohd Faisal, Mabkhoot Alsaiari, Muhammad Irfan, Farid A. Harraz
Summary: The growing industry and its effluents, such as toxic dyes and volatile organic compounds, pose a serious environmental concern due to their non-biodegradable nature and high chemical stability. Recently, using photo-catalysts to degrade toxic dyes and drugs has become an important and successful approach. This study presents the synthesis of a poly(o-anisidine)-based composite with graphitic carbon nitride and zinc oxide (POA/g-C3N4/ZnO) and its utilization as a photo-catalyst.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Rizwan Tahir, Hasan B. Albargi, Adnan Ahmad, Muhammad Bilal Qadir, Zubair Khaliq, Ahsan Nazir, Tanzeela Khalid, Misbah Batool, Salman Noshear Arshad, Mohammed Jalalah, Saeed A. Alsareii, Farid A. Harraz
Summary: Nanofiber-based facial masks with Azadirachta indica extract (AI) incorporated polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofiber membranes were prepared and characterized. The optimized nanofiber had a diameter of 376 +/- 75 nm and the AI nanoparticles in the extract ranged from 50 to 250 nm. The nanofiber membrane exhibited good hydrophilicity, water absorption, fast drug release, antibacterial and antioxidant activities, as well as mechanical properties and breathability.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Mohammed Jalalah, HyukSu Han, Milan Mahadani, Arpan Kumar Nayak, Farid A. Harraz
Summary: The creation of energy harvesting/storage systems from biomass/waste materials offers a green and sustainable option for biomass reuse, with significant scientific and technological implications. Microstructure management is crucial for carbon-based materials to achieve the required applications in the fields of supercapacitor and conversion. In this study, a facile production method of heteroatom-doped porous carbon (HAPC) from Enhydra fluctuans leaves as electrode material for supercapacitor was demonstrated, resulting in large specific-surface area and good pore-size distribution. The solid-state symmetric supercapacitor device (SSSD) showed exceptional durability, maintaining 94% of its specific capacitance after 10,000 charge/discharge cycles.
JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Mohammed Jalalah, HyukSu Han, Arpan Kumar Nayak, Farid A. Harraz
Summary: In this study, nitrogen-doped graphitized carbon-based materials with a huge specific surface area were synthesized and proved to be promising metal-free catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. They exhibited good activity and stability, surpassing conventional platinum-based catalysts in alkaline medium.
JOURNAL OF THE TAIWAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Ali Afzal, Mohammed Jalalah, Abid Noor, Zubair Khaliq, Muhammad Bilal Qadir, Rashid Masood, Ahsan Nazir, Sheraz Ahmad, Faheem Ahmad, Muhammad Irfan, Munazza Afzal, Mohd Faisal, Saeed A. Alsareii, Farid A. Harraz
Summary: Nowadays, synthetic polymers with special properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, hydrophilicity, and non-toxicity are widely used in medical applications. This study aims to develop and characterize PVA/PCL fibers containing a model drug for controlled drug release in wound dressing. The wet spinning technique was used to produce PVA/PCL fibers from a dope solution, and the fibers were tested for various properties related to wound healing. The results showed that the developed PVA/PCL fibers have respectable tensile properties, adequate liquid absorption, swelling behavior, degradation, and antimicrobial activity, as well as a controlled drug release profile.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Mohamed Abboud, Reem S. S. Alnefaie, Asla A. A. AL-Zahrani, Nabil Al-Zaqri, Mohammad Abu Haija, Azza Al-Ghamdi, Mabkhoot Alsaiari, Mohammed Jalalah, Omeer Albormani, Mohamed S. S. Hamdy
Summary: A simple and efficient method was reported to prepare highly efficient and reusable NiO@SBA-15 nanocatalysts for cyclohexane oxidation. The nanocatalysts showed high dispersion of NiO NPs in SBA-15 and exhibited the highest catalytic activity with meta-Chloroperoxybenzoic acid as the oxidant. Compared to other catalysts, NiO@SBA-15 achieved a conversion rate of 75-99% for cyclohexane. The catalytic activity was maintained during five successive cycles.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Misbah Batool, Hasan B. Albargi, Adnan Ahmad, Zahid Sarwar, Zubair Khaliq, Muhammad Bilal Qadir, Salman Noshear Arshad, Rizwan Tahir, Sultan Ali, Mohammed Jalalah, Muhammad Irfan, Farid A. Harraz
Summary: A novel bubbled-structured silica nanoparticle (SiO2) decorated electrospun polyurethane (PU) nanofibrous membrane (SiO2@PU-NFs) was prepared. The membrane exhibited a nanoscale hierarchical surface roughness and superhydrophobicity, along with excellent mechanical properties and breathability. It also showed high water/oil separation efficiency and maintained its superhydrophobic quality under severe conditions. This composite structure could be used in various functional applications.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Xiaomeng Yu, Ya Cao, Yingyan Zhao, Jianan Xia, Jie Yang, Yuanyuan Xu, Jing Zhao
Summary: This study presents a universal method for accurate and sensitive analysis of tumor-associated glycoprotein biomarkers. The method utilizes dual recognition of carbohydrates and proteins to achieve amplified electrochemical responses for glycoprotein analysis. The results show high accuracy, specificity, and versatility in complex serum samples, making this method a valuable tool for the analysis of glycoprotein biomarkers.
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
(2023)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Adnan Ahmad, Hasan Albargi, Mumtaz Ali, Misbah Batool, Ahsan Nazir, Muhammad Bilal Qadir, Zubair Khaliq, Salman Noshear Arshad, Mohammed Jalalah, Farid A. Harraz
Summary: By incorporating nanoparticles, superhydrophobic surfaces can be achieved with potential applications. In this study, a superhydrophobic nanofibrous membrane was developed through electrospinning and post-heat treatment, resulting in a hierarchically nanorough surface. The membrane exhibited excellent superhydrophobicity, robustness, and self-healing properties.
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE-ADVANCED MATERIALS AND DEVICES
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
M. Graca Dias, Elsa Vasco, Francisco Ravasco, Lufsa Oliveira
Summary: This study estimated the vitamin D intake of "adults" and "elderly" populations in Portugal using the TDS methodology. The results showed that the majority of people had inadequate vitamin D intake, well below the Dietary Reference Values.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Yanan Wang, Jiachen Shi, Yong-Jiang Xu, Chin-Ping Tan, Yuanfa Liu
Summary: This study investigates the variations in lipid digestion profiles among individuals of different ages using in vitro digestion models. The findings suggest that adults have a more comprehensive lipid digestion compared to infants, and infants tend to release shorter chain length and more saturated free fatty acids during digestion. Additionally, the particle sizes in the stomach of the elderly were consistently larger. This study enhances our understanding of how lipids with different degrees of unsaturation undergo digestion in diverse age groups.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Hyunjong Yu, Huisu Kim, Pahn-Shick Chang
Summary: Chitosan-pectin emulsion-filled hydrogel (EFH) was developed to enhance the bioaccessibility of lipophilic bioactive compounds through intestinal delivery. The EFH, prepared without crosslinking agents, demonstrated improved mechanical strength and compactness with higher pectin concentration. It retained the emulsion at pH 2.0 and released it at pH 7.4, resulting in enhanced release of free fatty acids and improved bioaccessibility of curcumin.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Tongze Zhang, Siqi Hong, Jia-Rong Zhang, Pin-He Liu, Siyi Li, Zixian Wen, Jianwei Xiao, Guirong Zhang, Olivier Habimana, Nagendra P. Shah, Zhongquan Sui, Harold Corke
Summary: Lactic acid fermentation significantly affects the morphology and physicochemical properties of proso millet starch, including the formation of surface indentations and small pores, decrease in gelatinization temperatures, and changes in hardness and adhesiveness.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Liqin Kong, Feng Hong, Peng Luan, Yiping Chen, Yaoze Feng, Ming Zhu
Summary: This study presents a novel impedance biosensor using composite nanomaterials and T1R1 as a signal probe, which can competitively and ultra-sensitively detect umami intensity. The biosensor exhibits exceptional analytical performance and is suitable for food flavor evaluation.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Kunying Lv, Yixin Yang, Qilong Li, Ran Chen, Liang Deng, Yiwei Zhang, Ning Jiang
Summary: Horse's milk, with its high nutritional value and low allergenic proteins, could be a substitute for cow's milk in infant consumption. A proteomic method was used to identify and compare milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) and whey proteins from different horse breeds. The study found differences in protein composition and functionality, which could support the development of formulas more suitable for human infants.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Enrique Jacobo Diaz-Montana, Helene Brignot, Ramon Aparicio-Ruiz, Thierry Thomas- Danguin, Maria Teresa Morales
Summary: Sensory perception of virgin olive oil is influenced by phenols and volatiles, which are affected by the composition of the oil and biological factors. This study investigated the effect of saliva and phenols on the release of volatiles, and found that the presence of phenols decreased the release of saturated volatiles.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Wei Zhou, Rui Zhang, Zhen Cai, Fangfang Wu, Yong Hu, Chao Huang, Kun Hu, Yun Chen
Summary: Environmentally friendly and outstanding pH-responsive cationic starch nanoparticles (CSNP) were prepared from pH-sensitive starch. CSNP exhibited nanosize and regular sphere, highly free-flowing molecular chains, and demonstrated excellent pH responsiveness through multiple emulsion/demulsification transitions.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Andrea Koo, Vinayak Ghate, Weibiao Zhou
Summary: This study suggests that direct seeding may negatively affect the nutritional quality of crops, causing a decrease in ascorbic acid, vitamin K, and total glucosinolate content.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Tonghao Du, Yazhou Xu, Xiaoyan Xu, Shijin Xiong, Linli Zhang, Biao Dong, Jinqing Huang, Tao Huang, Muyan Xiao, Tao Xiong, Mingyong Xie
Summary: This study successfully improved the ACE inhibitory activity of black sesame seeds by fermenting them with Lactobacillus Plantarum NCU116 and hydrolyzing them using acid protease. The RF-PSO model was used to predict the ACE inhibitory activity during the hydrolysis process. Eight peptides with ACE inhibitory activity were identified from fermented black sesame seed hydrolysates after separation and screening.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Yao Liu, Songyi Lin, Kexin Liu, Shan Wang, Qiaozhen Liu, Na Sun
Summary: This study analyzed the structural changes of shrimp proteins during digestion, predicted the immunodominant epitopes, and validated their allergenicity. The results showed that shrimp proteins were degraded into peptides during digestion, but still carried IgE epitopes that trigger allergic reactions.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Tiantian Fu, Hongwei Cao, Yu Zhang, Xiao Guan
Summary: This study investigates the impact of milling on the active components in rice, with a focus on the stability and bioaccessibility of phenols, VB1, and alpha-GABA during cooking and digestion. The findings show that milling exacerbates the instability of gamma-GABA during cooking and VB1 during digestion, and it affects the bioaccessibility of these active compounds.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Zhihao Yang, Yanru Hou, Min Zhang, Puxin Hou, Chang Liu, Lu Dou, Xiaoyu Chen, Lihua Zhao, Lin Su, Ye Jin
Summary: This study investigated the molecular mechanism of feeding regimes on lamb flavor by using TMT labeling combined with MS. The results showed that pasture-fed groups had higher levels of amino acids and volatile flavor substances compared to concentrate-fed groups. Additionally, several differentially abundant proteins associated with lamb flavor were identified.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Zixuan Xie, De Zhang, Junyu Zhu, Qianqian Luo, Jun Liu, Jingtao Zhou, Xiaoyong Wang, Yuqiong Chen, Zhi Yu, Dejiang Ni
Summary: This study investigated the acidification of aroma-enhanced black tea during storage. Analysis of non-volatile substances and organic acids using UPLC-Q-TOF/MS and HPLC revealed a decrease in soluble sugars and amino acids, while an increase in organic acids such as oxalic acid, malic acid, and quinic acid. In vitro experiments further demonstrated that the acidification is a result of the decomposition of sugars and amino acids by heating, as well as the oxidation of aromatic aldehydes. Additionally, the study showed that the taste composition of tea infusion is altered, with reduced amino acids, catechins, soluble sugars, and flavonoids. This research provides a theoretical basis for improving the quality of black tea.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Lin Wang, Falai Ma, Zihan Li, Yan Zhang
Summary: This study developed time-temperature integrators based on amyloglucosidase@Cu3(PO4)2 nanoflowers for monitoring the freshness of chilled pork. The results showed that the integrators were highly reliable and accurate in predicting the quality of chilled pork.