The contribution of different aerosol types to direct radiative forcing over distinct environments of Pakistan inferred from the AERONET data

To quantitatively estimate and analyze the contribution of different aerosol types to radiative forcing, we thoroughly investigated their optical and radiative properties using the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) data (2007-2018) over an urban-industrial (Lahore) and coastal (Karachi) cities located in Pakistan. The contribution of inferred aerosol types following the threshold applied for FMF500 versus SSA(440) and EANG(440-870) versus AANG(440-870) were found the highest for pure dust (PUD, 31.90%) followed by polluted continental (POC, 24.77%) types of aerosols, with moderate contribution was recorded for polluted dust (POD, 20.92%), organic carbon dominating (OCD, 11.85%), black carbon dominating (BCD, 8.77%) and the lowest for the non-absorbing (NOA, 1.79%) aerosol type. Seasonally, the mean (+/- SD) aerosol optical thickness at 440 nm (AOT(440)) was found maximum (0.73 +/- 0.36) for PUD type in summer and minimum for BCD (0.25 +/- 0.04) during spring at Karachi. However, the mean (+/- SD) AOT(440) varied from 0.85 +/- 0.25 during summer to 0.57 +/- 0.30 in winter at Lahore, with the highest contributions for POC (29.91%) and BCD (22.58%) and the lowest for NOA (5.85%) type of aerosols. Further, the intensive optical properties showed significant temporal and spectral changes and the complexity of inferred aerosol types over the study sites. The results are well substantiated with the air mass analysis obtained from the concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) model for different aerosol types. The Santa Barbara DISORT Atmospheric Radiative Transfer (SBDART) model revealed the strong presence of BCD aerosol type led to a surface (BOA) and top of atmosphere (TOA) forcing of -70.12, -99.78 Wm(-2) and -9.60, -19.74 Wm(-2), with an annual heating rate of 2.10 and 2.54 Kday(-1), respectively, at Karachi and Lahore sites.