Article
Chemistry, Physical
Cailing Wu, Mengjie Lou, Mingming Sun, Huiyong Wang, Zhiyong Li, Jikuan Qiu, Jianji Wang, Zhimin Liu
Summary: In this study, N-substituted aryl pyrroles were synthesized by reductive amination/cyclization of levulinic acid with primary aromatic amines and hydrosilanes over CsF. The reaction proceeded in two steps, resulting in the formation of intermediate 5-methyl-N-alkyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-pyrrolones and their isomeride (B), followed by chemo- and region-selective reduction to produce the final products. This synthesis approach offers promising applications due to its mild and environmentally friendly conditions.
GREEN ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT
(2023)
Review
Energy & Fuels
Jimmy Nelson Appaturi, Jeyashelly Andas, Yik-Ken Ma, Bao Lee Phoon, Samaila Muazu Batagarawa, Fitri Khoerunnisa, M. Hazwan Hussin, Eng-Poh Ng
Summary: This article reviews the six most relevant heterogeneous catalysts in the esterification of alkyl levulinates, including zeolites, mesoporous silicas, carbonaceous materials, metal organic frameworks (MOFs), ion exchange resins, and enzymatic catalysts. The catalyst preparation, modification, reaction mechanisms, and future prospects in this field are also discussed.
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Gwi-Taek Jeong
Summary: This study investigated the acid-catalyzed hydrothermal conversion of orange peel to produce levulinic acid. Optimization of reaction conditions resulted in a yield of 17.13 wt% of levulinic acid. The findings highlight the potential of orange peel as a renewable agricultural waste for the production of valuable chemicals and materials.
BIOFUELS BIOPRODUCTS & BIOREFINING-BIOFPR
(2023)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Yong Liu, Lungang Chen, Yubao Chen, Xinghua Zhang, Jianguo Liu, Qiying Liu, Yuping Li, Chenguang Wang, Qi Zhang, Longlong Ma
Summary: Aviation fuel, a high energy density fuel, is typically produced from refineries in the petroleum industry. The production of renewable aviation fuel from biomass helps alleviate the pressure of carbon emission regulations. This study utilized various operational processes to convert biomass, specifically corn stover, into aviation fuel. The resulting fuel has a low oxygen content, high heat value, and consists mainly of isoparaffins.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Anastasia Rapeyko, Miguel Rodenas, Francesc X. Llabres Xamena
Summary: Zr-containing UiO-66 materials are effective catalysts for the selective ketalization of levulinic acid with 1,2-propanediol. The catalytic activity can be controlled by adjusting the hydration degree of the solid and the amount of missing linker defects. The catalytic activity can be completely restored by washing the spent catalyst.
ADVANCED SUSTAINABLE SYSTEMS
(2022)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Ananya Satapathy, Kankana Saikia, Samuel Lalthazuala Rokhum
Summary: Greener methods for the production of nanoparticles have been explored in this study, with a focus on synthesizing CaO nanoparticles using banana leaf extracts. The CaO nanoparticles were successfully obtained through calcination of calcium hydroxide obtained from the precursor calcium nitrate. The synthesized CaO nanoparticles showed high catalytic activity in the transesterification of soybean oil, achieving a conversion rate of 98.0% under the optimal reaction conditions.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Hamzeh H. Veisi, Babak Karimi, Mohsen Heydari, Rafael Luque
Summary: One of the key steps in producing value-added chemicals from biomass-derived compounds is the conversion of levulinic acid (LA) into useful products. In this study, a novel catalyst Ru@IBOMC was successfully prepared and used for continuous flow catalytic hydrogenation of LA at room temperature, resulting in significant yields of the desired products. The catalyst exhibited excellent activity and stability in different solvents.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Yun Wang, Mengting Chen, Kaiyue Zhang, Haimei Wu, Jiale Wang, Yuran Cheng, Yingxin Liu, Zuojun Wei
Summary: A non-noble CoNi@NC catalyst was developed for the efficient conversion of renewable biomass into high-value-added chemicals. The catalyst showed superior performance and recyclability, and demonstrated potential for various reactions including reductive amination and continuous flow reactions.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Tanvir Miah, Palmarita Demoro, Izuchika Nduka, Federica De Luca, Salvatore Abate, Rosa Arrigo
Summary: We developed a green wet chemistry method to produce C-supported Cu electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction. Orange peel was found to be a better starting material than lemon peel, leading to improved Cu dispersion and selectivity towards formic acid. This study demonstrates the rational reuse of citrus waste.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Fouzia Perveen, Muhammad Farooq, Abdul Naeem, Muhammad Humayun, Tooba Saeed, Ihtisham Wali Khan, Ghazala Abid
Summary: This study reports the synthesis of an efficient MoO3/ZnCo2O4@CeO2 heterogeneous catalyst for the profitable conversion of corncob biomass into Levulinic acid. The physiochemical properties of the catalyst were studied and correlated with its catalytic activity. The synthesized catalyst showed improved catalytic performance, providing a high yield of Levulinic acid under low catalyst loading and maintained its catalytic activity after multiple cycles of use.
CATALYSIS COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Hamzeh H. Veisi, Babak Karimi, Mohsen Heydari, Rafael Luque
Summary: A novel catalyst Ru@IBOMC was prepared and successfully used for the continuous flow catalytic hydrogenation of LA to γ-valerolactone and N-containing heterocycles at room temperature. The catalyst showed excellent activity and selectivity under different reaction variables and exhibited high stability in various solvents.
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Rocio Rengel, Inmaculada Giraldez, Manuel J. Diaz, Trinidad Garcia, Javier Vigara, Rosa Leon
Summary: Replacement of fossil fuels can be achieved by using bio-based procedures to produce fine chemicals. The microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was selected for its ability to accumulate starch, which provides an environmentally-friendly alternative source of chemical building blocks. The study optimized the hydrolysis conditions of algal biomass to produce lipophilic coproducts. The results showed that Chlamydomonas can be used as a sustainable feedstock for the simultaneous production of high-added value lipophilic compounds and platform chemicals.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Antonella Satira, Emilia Paone, Viviana Bressi, Daniela Iannazzo, Federica Marra, Paolo Salvatore Calabro, Francesco Mauriello, Claudia Espro
Summary: Hydrothermal carbonization process can efficiently produce value-added chemicals and carbon-based materials simultaneously, and using orange peel waste can obtain hydrochar and high-added value products.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Charf Eddine Bounoukta, Cristina Megias-Sayago, Svetlana Ivanova, Fatima Ammari, Miguel Angel Centeno, Jose Antonio Odriozola
Summary: This study explores various catalytic systems to improve the yield of levulinic acid while understanding the catalytic behavior of cost-effective catalysts. The choice of catalytic systems and the impact of main reaction parameters on activity and selectivity are analyzed.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Lei Song, Rui Wang, Li Che, Yu Jiang, Mo Zhou, Yu Zhao, Jifeng Pang, Min Jiang, Guangyuan Zhou, Mingyuan Zheng, Tao Zhang
Summary: This study presents a catalytic route for the synthesis of 2-hydroxy-2-methylsuccinic acid, an excellent monomer that enhances the properties of polybutylene succinate. The process involves catalytic aerobic oxidation of levulinic acid in mild conditions, resulting in a high selectivity of the target product. The study also explores the C-C bond rearrangement and the role of catalysts, potentially inspiring alternative routes for bio-based dicarboxylic acids synthesis.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Muhammad Usman Akram, Naseem Abbas, Muhammad Farman, Suryyia Manzoor, Muhammad Imran Khan, Sameh M. Osman, Rafael Luque, Abdallah Shanableh
Summary: A therapeutic system is designed to release drugs at specific target tissues without damaging healthy cells, by using chitosan-based polymeric nanoparticles containing N-isopropyl acrylamide and 2-(di -isopropyl amino) ethyl methacrylate.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Hamed Mohtasham, Mojtaba Rostami, Behnam Gholipour, Amir Mohammad Sorouri, Hermann Ehrlich, Mohmmad Reza Ganjali, Sadegh Rostamnia, Mehdi Rahimi-Nasrabadi, Abdollah Salimi, Rafael Luque
Summary: Co3O4 NPs@N-PC materials were synthesized through one-pot pyrolysis of ZIF-67 powder and subsequent oxidation under N2 and air atmospheres, respectively. The Co3O4 NPs@N-PC exhibited excellent catalytic activity and activation of PMS for the degradation of SMZ. The mechanism of Co2+/Co3+ redox system before and after PMS activation was investigated using XPS analysis.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Bo Zhang, Jiapeng Wang, Zhixiang Xu, Shiliang Wu, Rafael Luque, Huiyan Zhang
Summary: Hydrothermal carbonization is an effective method to treat sludge, but the high nitrogen content in the sludge hydrochar causes environmental pollution. This study used layered double oxides (LDO) catalysts to catalytically remove nitrogen during hydrothermal carbonization. The LDO catalysts significantly improved nitrogen removal, achieving more than 57.00% at 240 degrees C. Additionally, by adjusting the metal ratio of the catalysts, the acid-base sites could be modified to produce low nitrogen hydrochar.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Nguyen Binh Nguyen, Nguyen Hoang Ly, Huynh Nhu Tran, Sang Jun Son, Sang-Woo Joo, Yasser Vasseghian, Sameh M. M. Osman, Rafael Luque
Summary: This study investigates the potential application of spiky SiO2 nanoparticles with tubular and rough surfaces as superhydrophobic coatings. The coating exhibits unique properties of transparency, fluorinate-free, and environmentally friendly. These spiky SiO2 nanoparticles are combined with N-coordinated boroxines and PDMS to fabricate the superhydrophobic coatings and SiO2@PDMS. The resulting nanocomposite coating shows excellent superhydrophobicity and high transparency on various surfaces.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Weiyi Ouyang, Alina M. Balu, Zeid A. ALOthman, Xiangdong Wang, Wanqin Wang, Rafael Luque
Summary: This article provides a general overview of the formation of humins, unavoidable by-products from biorefinery, and their valorization towards various products. A better understanding of the formation mechanism and structure of humins helps in the development of strategies for their valorization. Current research demonstrates the remarkable potential and widespread applications of humins in various fields. The oxygen-rich nature of humins offers special functionalities in the derived materials. Further research on the structure of humins and the development of sustainable chemicals and materials will contribute to a more sustainable future.
CURRENT OPINION IN GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY
(2023)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Carolina Carrillo-Carrion, Valentine Comaills, Ana M. Visiga, Benoit R. Gauthier, Noureddine Khiar
Summary: We have reported the controlled drug release from a nanoscale Zr-based metal-organic framework (MOF), UiO-66, in the presence of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase (ALP) for the first time. This was achieved by prior functionalization of the MOF with N-3-PEG-PO3 ligands, which imparted colloidal stability in phosphate-containing media, endowed the MOF with multifunctionality, and conferred stimuli-responsive properties for the selective release of doxorubicin triggered by ALP activity. Cell studies demonstrated improved intracellular stability and sustained drug release in the functionalized MOF compared to the bare MOF, with enhanced drug release observed in cells with higher expression of ALP genes.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Awais Ahmad, Faisal Ali, Zeid A. ALOthman, Rafael Luque
Summary: The utilization of folic acid as a stabilizing and capping agent allows for the synthesis of bimetallic nanomaterials. In this study, UV light assisted ZnO-Ag nanobars were prepared using folic acid as a stabilizing agent and were found to have a hexagonal structure with a crystallite size of 5.6 nm. These nanobars exhibited efficient catalytic activity, achieving up to 93% reduction of 4-nitrophenol and 90% reduction of Cr+6 in the presence of ascorbic acid.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Daniele Polidoro, Maurizio Selva, Rafael Luque
Summary: An efficient continuous-flow (CF) protocol was developed for the hydrogenation of lignin-derived aromatics, producing high selectivity and conversion rates. The catalytic system exhibited excellent stability for over 420 minutes of continuous operation. A variety of substrates yielded ring-hydrogenated products with selectivity up to 99% at complete conversion.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Tran Thi-Giang, Ly Nguyen Hoang, Nguyen Thi Trang, Sang Jun Son, Yasser Vasseghian, Sang-Woo Joo, Rafael Luque
Summary: A unique nanomaterial platform was developed for trace detection and efficient degradation of triclosan (TCS) using a silver spherical nanoparticle (AgNP)-modified ZnO multipods (ZnO@Ag) template. The ZnO@Ag template demonstrated excellent degradation and detection performance, with TCS degradation up to 92% under UV irradiation at 365 nm and a detection limit as low as 10-9 M. This is the first investigation into the use of ZnO@Ag bimetallic composites for SERS-based detection and UV-assisted degradation of environmental TCS pollutants. The technology was successfully applied to determine antibacterial agents and TCS in distilled or river water, highlighting the advantages of the ZnO@Ag template over conventional detection methods.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
(2023)
Review
Thermodynamics
Zhitong Yao, Markus Reinmoller, Nuria Ortuno, Hongxu Zhou, Meiqing Jin, Jie Liu, Rafael Luque
Summary: With the rapid growth of the global electronics industry, waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) has become a major concern. This study focuses on thermochemical methods (combustion, pyrolysis, gasification, and hydrothermal process) to effectively manage WPCBs and promote sustainable development in the electronics industry through circular economy.
PROGRESS IN ENERGY AND COMBUSTION SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Daniele Polidoro, Alina M. Balu, Maurizio Selva, Rafael Luque, Sameh M. Osman, Tripti Chhabra
Summary: Microwave (MW) and conventional heating (CH) methods were compared for the synthesis of fuel additives from levulinic acid. Phosphomolybdic acid (PMA) and phosphotungstic acid (PTA)-containing graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) were synthesized and optimized to achieve high yields. MW significantly reduced reaction times and is a more sustainable approach for the synthesis of various fuel additives. Scale-up experiments showed that MW with optimum GCN-PMA achieved higher productivity compared to CH conditions.
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY & FUELS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Belal Salah, Ahmed Abdelgawad, Qingqing Lu, Adewale K. Ipadeola, Rafael Luque, Kamel Eid
Summary: Researchers synthesized ternary metal-doped porous fiber-like g-C3N4 nanostructures for efficient catalysis of green hydrogen production. The study found that catalysts with ternary metal doping showed higher synergistic effects and better catalytic activity.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Otoniel Anacleto Estrela Filho, Bryan Fernando Rivadeneira-Mendoza, Kevin Jhon Fernandez-Andrade, Luis Angel Zambrano-Intriago, Fausthon Fred da Silva, Rafael Luque, Fabiola D. S. Curbelo, Joan Manuel Rodriguez-Diaz
Summary: The considerable amount of produced water discharged by the oil industry can cause environmental imbalance due to its harmful components. This study investigated the adsorption capacity of Zinc Imidazolate Framework-8 (ZIF-8) for crude oil removal from synthetic produced water. ZIF-8 exhibited high crystallinity and thermal stability, and its adsorption process was found to be spontaneous and exothermic.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Jennifer Maria Navia Mendoza, Bryan Fernando Rivadeneira Mendoza, Jaime Cevallos Mendoza, Alina M. Balu, Rafael Luque, Luis Angel Zambrano Intriago, Joan Manuel Rodriguez-Diaz
Summary: In this study, a hybrid material MIL-53(Al)@HC was synthesized and demonstrated to have excellent adsorption capability for Ibuprofen sodium salt and Metsulfuron-methyl in a binary system. The hybrid material showed in situ crystal growth capability and could remove >98% of the target substances at extreme conditions. The adsorption kinetics and equilibrium were well described by the pseudo-second order model and the Sips and Freundlich models.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Fatima Guerrero, Andres Carmona, Victoria Vidal, Ana Franco, Alejandro Martin-Malo, Elena M. Sanchez-Fernandez, Carolina Carrillo-Carrion
Summary: An effective antioxidant nanoplatform, DSeU@ZIF8, was constructed by encapsulating a selenium-containing glycomimetic into zeolitic-imidazolate framework-8 nanoparticles. The nanoparticles showed remarkable antioxidant capacity and ROS-scavenging activity, and could protect endothelial cells from oxidative stress damage.
NANOSCALE HORIZONS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Qingyuan Zheng, Jack H. Williams, Scott Elgersma, Mick D. Mantle, Andrew J. Sederman, G. Leendert Bezemer, Constant M. Guedon, Lynn F. Gladden
Summary: In this study, a pilot-scale fixed-bed reactor compatible with NMR/MRI was developed for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Multiple magnetic resonance techniques were applied to quantitatively characterize different product species within catalyst pellets, providing valuable information for catalyst and reactor optimization.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Lisa Ramisch, Sebastian Pfaff, Sabrina M. Gericke, Edvin Lundgren, Johan Zetterberg
Summary: We present a combination of optical operando techniques that allow simultaneous measurement of adsorbed species on catalyst surfaces, monitoring of surface oxide formation, and imaging of the gas phase above the catalyst surface. The experimental setup was validated by studying CO oxidation on Pd(100) at different pressures, revealing the effects of pressure on the heterogeneous catalytic reaction.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Marta Paniagua, Gabriel Morales, Juan A. Melero, Daniel Garcia-Salgado
Summary: The influence of common impurities in levulinic acid on the catalytic performance of different acid catalysts for bio-jet fuel production was studied. It was found that furfural had the greatest detrimental effect on catalyst performance, while propyl-sulfonic acid-modified SBA-15 and sulfonic acid resin Amberlyst-70 showed good regeneration ability.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Jesus Tapiador, Pedro Leo, Guillermo Calleja, Gisela Orcajo
Summary: This study presents a new MOF material, Zn-URJC-13, with acid and basic sites, permanent porosity, and high affinity to CO2 molecules. The Zn-URJC-13 catalyst exhibits efficient performance in CO2 cycloaddition reactions and can be reused multiple times.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Dan Zhao, Vita A. Kondratenko, Dmitry E. Doronkin, Shanlei Han, Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt, Uwe Rodemerck, David Linke, Evgenii V. Kondratenko
Summary: This study demonstrates the potential of cheap and commercially available Zr or Ti-based supports and ZnO to serve as active and selective catalysts for propane dehydrogenation (PDH). The catalytically active species formed in situ under PDH conditions consist of isolated ZnOx. ZnOx on the surface of LaZrOx shows the highest rate of propene formation.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Hanbyeol Kim, Jung Rae Kim, Young-Kwon Park, Jeong-Myeong Ha, Jungho Jae
Summary: In this study, metal phosphates were used as catalysts for biomass conversion to produce sustainable aromatics through DielsAlder cycloaddition reactions. The effects of synthesis method, activation method, and P/Ti molar ratio on the structure and acid properties of titanium phosphate catalysts were systematically studied. The mesoporous titanium phosphate catalyst synthesized by hydrothermal method at 180℃ for 12 h followed by ethanol refluxing at 60℃ for 24 h at a molar P/Ti ratio of 1 showed the highest surface area and acid site density.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Yasin Khani, Sumin Pyo, Kwang-Eun Jeong, Chul-Ung Kim, Moonis Ali Khan, Byong-Hun Jeon, Kun-Yi Andrew Lin, Siyoung Q. Choi, Young-Kwon Park
Summary: A protonated form of Zeolite Socony Mobil-5 (H-ZSM-5) catalyst was synthesized through a hydrothermal method using different sources of silica. The effect of loading the catalyst with yttrium, samarium, and gadolinium on the acidic properties was investigated. Among the metal-loaded catalysts, the Sm/LHZ catalyst showed the best performance in the methanol to propylene conversion due to its high amount of weak and intermediate acid sites, while the Gd-LHZ catalyst increased the selectivity towards ethane and propane.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Michael Franc, Ivana Cisarova, Jan Vesely
Summary: The present study investigates an enantioselective cyclization of enals with imidazolone derivatives catalyzed by a combination of achiral Pd(0) complex and chiral secondary amine. Corresponding spirocyclic imidazolones were produced in high yields with moderate diastereoselectivity and excellent enantioselectivity. The developed co-operative catalytic methodology provides a highly substituted spirocyclic scaffold with four stereogenic centers under mild conditions.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Mauro Alvarez, Jennifer Cueto, David P. Serrano, Pablo Marin, Salvador Ordonez
Summary: This study focuses on improving the formulation and preparation methods of catalysts for the production of dimethyl carbonate. By using suitable catalyst preparation methods and copper salt precursors, the researchers successfully produced catalysts with optimal performance for dimethyl carbonate formation.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Claudia J. Keijzer, Luc C. J. Smulders, Dennie Wezendonk, Jan Willem de Rijk, Petra E. de Jongh
Summary: This study investigates the catalytic behavior of alpha-alumina supported silver catalysts in the presence of chloride. It is found that the particle size of silver can affect the selectivity of the catalyst, but different strategies lead to different results. In this size range, the selectivity of ethylene oxide is correlated to the Ag : Al2O3 surface ratio.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Takeshi Aihara, Wataru Aoki, Michikazu Hara, Keigo Kamata
Summary: The development of acid-base bifunctional catalysts is important for promoting specific chemical transformations. In this study, Ti-based perovskite oxides were synthesized and used as catalysts for two C-C bond-forming reactions (cyanosilylation and Knoevenagel condensation). The highly pure SrTiO3 nanoparticles with a high specific surface area exhibited the highest catalytic performance, and could be easily recovered and reused.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Olga Gorlova, Petra Pribylova, Eliska Vyskocilova, Katerina Peroutkova, Jan Kohout, Iva Paterova
Summary: This study investigates the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of beta-cyclocitral using tin-modified mixed oxides as catalysts. The optimal reaction conditions and the effects of various factors on the reaction course and selectivity were determined. The results show that tin-modified mixed oxides exhibit high activity and selectivity in the oxidation reaction.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
M. I. Avila, M. M. Alonso-Doncel, L. Briones, G. Gomez-Pozuelo, J. M. Escola, D. P. Serrano, A. Peral, J. A. Botas
Summary: The catalytic fast pyrolysis of lignin using ion-exchanged zeolite catalysts showed significant improvements in bio-oil quality and the production of aromatic hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Enrico Catizzone, Giorgia Ferrarelli, Paolo Bruno, Girolamo Giordano, Massimo Migliori
Summary: The acid-catalysed alcohol conversion reaction is a promising route for de-fossilization strategies. Research on pure alcohol conversion and simultaneous dehydration of mixed alcohols have shown different product compositions, with the type and distribution of acid sites affecting the reaction mechanism.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Alireza Ranjbari, Juho Kim, Jihee Yu, Jiyun Kim, Mireu Park, Nayoung Kim, Kristof Demeestere, Philippe M. Heynderickx
Summary: This study investigated a novel kinetic model for the adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange using commercial ZnO and reduced ZnO photocatalysts. The results provided new insights into the interaction of catalysts with molecules of different charges and compared with a previous study on methylene blue. The presence of oxygen vacancies in ZnO and their effects on adsorption and photocatalytic degradation were analyzed, and the photocatalytic degradation rate of reduced ZnO was found to increase significantly.
