Bacterial CompoundN,N-Dimethylhexadecylamine Modulates Expression of Iron Deficiency and Defense Response Genes inMedicago truncatulaIndependently of the Jasmonic Acid Pathway

Plants face a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses including attack by microbial phytopathogens and nutrient deficiencies. Some bacterial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) activate defense and iron-deficiency responses in plants. To establish a relationship between defense and iron deficiency through VOCs, we identified key genes in the defense and iron-deprivation responses of the legume modelMedicago truncatulaand evaluated the effect of the rhizobacterial VOCN,N-dimethylhexadecylamine (DMHDA) on the gene expression in these pathways by RT-qPCR. DMHDA increasedM. truncatulagrowth 1.5-fold under both iron-sufficient and iron-deficient conditions compared with untreated plants, whereas salicylic acid and jasmonic acid decreased growth. Iron-deficiency induced iron uptake and defense gene expression. Moreover, the effect was greater in combination with DMHDA. Salicylic acid,Pseudomonas syringae, jasmonic acid, andBotrytis cinereahad inhibitory effects on growth and iron response gene expression but activated defense genes. Taken together, our results showed that the VOC DMHDA activates defense and iron-deprivation pathways while inducing a growth promoting effect unlike conventional phytohormones, highlighting that DMHDA does not mimic jasmonic acid but induces an alternative pathway. This is a novel aspect in the complex interactions between biotic and abiotic stresses.