期刊
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
卷 254, 期 -, 页码 -出版社
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120080
关键词
Life cycle assessment; Carbon dots; Bottom-up synthesis; Engineered nanomaterials; Luminescence; Green chemistry
资金
- Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER), through Programa Operacional do Norte (NORTE2020) [NORTE-01-00145-FEDER-000028]
- FEDER through COMPETE2020
- FCT/MEC (PIDDAC)
- FEDER through COMPETE-POFC
- FCT under the Scientific Employment Stimulus [CEECIND/01425/2017]
- ARDITI-Agencia Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigacao Tecnologia e Inovacao [M1420-01-0145-FEDER-000005]
- [POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006980]
- [PTDC/QEQ-QFI/0289/2014]
- [PTDC/QEQ-QAN/5955/2014]
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia [PTDC/QEQ-QAN/5955/2014] Funding Source: FCT
Carbon dots (CDs) are carbon-based nanoparticles with remarkable luminescent properties, which have made them exciting and suitable alternatives to more traditional fluorophores and even to more recent luminescent nanomaterials (such as metal-based quantum dots). However, despite this high interest on CDs, there has been no focus on their sustainable development and fabrication, and so, there is lacking concrete data on their environmental impacts. A life cycle assessment (LCA) approach was used here to compare and understand the environmental impacts of carbon dots (CDs) obtained via six representative bottom-up synthetic strategies (cradle-to-gate). These routes consist on hydrothermal and microwave-assisted synthesis of CDs derived of citric acid (with the occasional addition of urea), which represent current trends in the synthesis of CDs. Results show that for hydrothermal synthesis the use of electricity is dominant for almost all environmental categories, while citric acid produces most impacts for microwave-assisted synthesis. A performance-based comparison was also made by rescaling results with the fluorescence quantum yield of the CDs. This approach changed the rank order of preference in all categories by a significant margin. While previous analysis indicated microwave-assisted synthesis of citric acid-derived CDs to be the most benign in environmental terms, now the option is the synthesis (either by hydrothermal or microwave-assisted treatment) of urea and citric acid-derived CDs. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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