The environmental attributes of wood fiber composites with bio-based or petroleum-based plastics

Purpose While bio-based composites (bio-based plastics reinforced with natural fibers) have been discussed as potential sustainable alternatives to petroleum-based plastic composites, there are few quantitative environmental impact assessments of these materials. This work presents comparisons of petroleum-based and bio-based plastics as well as their composites to (1) assess environmental impacts from plastics and composite production and (2) determine which environmental impacts can be mitigated through production of bio-based composites, based on current manufacturing methods. Methods Environmental impact assessments were performed to determine the burdens associated with cradle-to-gate production of bio-based and petroleum-based plastics and their composites with wood flour (i.e., sawdust) filler. The scope of this work incorporated emissions from thermoplastic and wood flour production as well as pelletization, molding, and transportation processes. Environmental impacts were assessed for several impact categories using the US Environmental Protection Agency's TRACI method. Using impacts quantified, as well as material property data from 36 sources in the literature, comparisons were drawn between composite types. Multiple functional units were used including a constant mass of material produced and two comparison methods normalizing environmental impacts by material properties. Uncertainty assessments were performed to determine environmental impact distributions for each plastic and wood fiber composite type. Results and discussion The production of bio-based plastics and their composites led to lower environmental impacts than petroleum-based plastics and composites in several impact categories: global warming potential, fossil fuel depletion, and certain human health impacts. However, the production of bio-based plastics and their composites also resulted in some higher environmental impacts, such as eutrophication. Bio-based composites are capable of possessing similar or improved mechanical properties to their petroleum-based counterparts. As such, normalized environmental impacts to material properties indicated that bio-based composites could lead to desirable combined mechanical and environmental attributes for certain applications. Considering the differences between environmental impact categories and uncertainties in environmental impact assessments, selection of constituents cannot be based solely on material feedstock to mitigate environmental impacts in wood fiber composites. Conclusions Findings indicate that both environmental impact assessments and mechanical properties should be considered concurrently to effectively distinguish the benefits of selecting petroleum-based or bio-based plastics. This work shows that depending on the intended application, the selection of a bio-based feedstock could either be beneficial for mitigating certain environmental impacts, have little effect on impacts, or increase environmental impacts. These findings reveal the importance of considering property alteration and multiple effects of utilizing these resources.