Article
Energy & Fuels
M. A. Ashraf, H. A. Ahmed, S. Steinmetz, M. J. Dunn, A. R. Masri
Summary: The experimental investigation in an axisymmetric ethylene laminar coflow diffusion flame showed that increasing the oxygen concentration in the oxidizer stream leads to an increase in precursor nanoparticles and structural growth in these nanoparticles. The study also found similarities in particle evolution and a shift in structural transformation from aliphatic to aromatic features with increasing coflow oxygen concentration. The soot volume fraction and primary soot particle diameter increase with coflow oxygen enrichment up to a threshold, beyond which they decrease.
Article
Thermodynamics
Felipe Escudero, Juan J. Cruz, Ignacio Verdugo, Nicolas Gutierrez, Fengshan Liu, Jerome Yon, Andres Fuentes
Summary: The auto-compensating laser-induced incandescence (AC-LII) technique is commonly used to measure soot volume fraction (fv) in flames. This study proposes a correction to the AC-LII measured fv based on the soot maturity coefficient β and absorption function E(m,λ) in a laminar coflow ethylene diffusion flame. The corrected AC-LII results are in good agreement with those measured by MW-LOSA/EMI. Rating: 9 points
PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yang Liu, Yishu Xu, Kai Zhang, Pu Zhang, Xiaobei Cheng
Summary: In this study, the effects of NH3 addition on the morphology and nanostructures of soot particles in ethylene co-flow diffusion flames were investigated. The results showed that NH3 addition resulted in changes in flame height and temperature, as well as a decrease in the size and number of soot particles. The investigation of soot nanostructures indicated that NH3 delayed the process of particle inception and surface growth.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Andisheh Khanehzar, Francisco Cepeda, Seth B. Dworkin
Summary: The study investigates the effects of adding different percentages of hydrogen and nitrogen to the fuel in ethylene/air diffusion flames on soot formation and flame characteristics. Results show that blending hydrogen and nitrogen into the fuel decreases soot volume fraction and radiation. The dilution effect of hydrogen has the most significant influence on soot formation/oxidation reaction rates among the various effects.
Article
Thermodynamics
Yong Ren Tan, Yichen Zong, Maurin Salamanca, Jacob W. Martin, Jochen A. H. Dreyer, Jethro Akroyd, Wenming Yang, Markus Kraft
Summary: A novel modified coflow burner was developed to inject charge from a non-thermal plasma into helium-diluted ethylene flames. Different frequencies of the high voltage signal were used to control the ion concentration injected into the flames. Optical emission spectroscopy and other measurements were conducted to study the effect of charge injection on soot reduction in the flames. The results showed that the system is a promising candidate for studying the charge effect from non-thermal plasma on soot formation in laminar coflow diffusion flames.
COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yong Ren Tan, Maurin Salamanca, Laura Pascazio, Jethro Akroyd, Markus Kraft
Summary: This study investigates the impact of PODE3 on soot formation in ethylene/PODE3 flames, finding that at low blending levels, PODE3 may actually increase soot formation. Results suggest that sufficient amounts of PODE3 can reduce soot formation, specifically in C2 chemistry systems.
Article
Thermodynamics
Carson Chu, Mohammed H. Zaher, Murray J. Thomson
Summary: This study assessed the temperature sensitivity of n-propylbenzene and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene on soot formation in coflow diffusion flames. The results showed that increasing the temperature led to higher soot volume fractions and primary particle diameters, but alkyl benzenes exhibited lower temperature sensitivity. The model indicated that raising the reactant temperature did not significantly affect the production of soot precursor PAH, but altered the available time for soot growth, promoting soot formation. Furthermore, the impact of fuel temperature on soot formation was more pronounced along the centerline.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Peng Liu, Hafiz Ahmad, Xuesong Jiang, Hongyu Chen, Yan Lin, Bowen Mei, Yuyang Li
Summary: This study investigated the structure and oxidation reactivity of soot sampled from an ethylene flame, showing that residence time is crucial in modifying surface functional groups and that as soot matures, the oxidation reaction transitions into a unimodal process.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2021)
Article
Thermodynamics
Yong Ren Tan, Maurin Salamanca, Jiaru Bai, Jethro Akroyd, Markus Kraft
Summary: This study investigates the impact of the structure of three C3 oxygenated fuels on soot formation in laminar coflow diffusion flames when blended with ethylene. It was found that different oxygenated fuels have different effects on the soot volume fraction (f(v)), with IPA causing a significant increase, while DMM and DMC showed initial increases followed by decreases in f(v) as the proportion of oxygenated fuel increased.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2021)
Article
Thermodynamics
J. Moran, A. Poux, F. Cepeda, F. Escudero, A. Fuentes, L. Gallen, E. Riber, B. Cuenot, J. Yon
Summary: The macroscopic simulation of soot production in flames often assumes spherical particles or uses ad-hoc formulas, while numerically simulated aggregates can be generated at the nanoscopic scale through DEM simulations. This study combines these approaches to investigate the detailed morphology of soot in a diffusion flame. The proposed multi-scale approach reveals larger and more compact aggregates near the wings of the flame.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Peng Liu, Hafiz Ahmad, Bowen Mei, Shuanglin Jiang, Bochun You, Yuyang Li
Summary: This study investigated the effects of devolatilization temperature on soot chemical structure and oxidation reactivity. Results showed that devolatilization can alter the chemical structure of soot and impact its oxidation reactivity, with 650 degrees C being the most effective temperature to remove volatile organic compounds (VOF) and retain soot reactivity features.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Qianqian Li, Liangchen Wang, Rong Yang, Zhiyu Yan, Chen Song, Zuohua Huang
Summary: This study investigated the synergistic effect of mixing ethylene with propane on the nanostructure and morphology evolution of soot in laminar coflow diffusion flames. The results showed a strong synergistic effect on soot yields at certain propane ratios. Additionally, the addition of propane increased the mean primary soot diameter at specific heights in the flame.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Zijian Zhang, Lei Zhou, Xiaozhou He, Lei Chen, Haogang Wei
Summary: This study investigates the effect of preheating air temperature on sooting tendency in n-heptane laminar co-flow diffusion flames. A modified co-flow burner was used to produce steady flames with varying preheating temperatures. The results reveal that the visible flame height decreases with preheating air temperature, and soot loading in flames increases. The temperature sensitivity of sooting tendency in n-heptane flames is confirmed.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Carson Chu, Ali Naseri, Tirthankar Mitra, Mehran Dadsetan, Anton Sediako, Murray J. Thomson
Summary: Experimental investigation reveals that increasing reactant temperature promotes soot formation, aggregation, and larger primary particle size. However, there is a deceleration in soot surface growth at certain temperatures, suggesting the presence of surface aging effects.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE
(2021)
Article
Thermodynamics
Chen Zhang, Yimeng Wu, Biaojie Liu, Ziwen Wang, Lei Zhou
Summary: This study investigates the morphology and structure of soot particles in laminar diffusion flames of anisole/n-heptane, and proposes a set of fractal-based distribution analysis algorithms. The addition of anisole greatly influences the soot formation process, resulting in formation at a lower position in the flame and larger primary particle diameters.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
J. J. Cruz, Luis Fernando Figueira da Silva, F. Escudero, F. Cepeda, J. C. Elicer-Cortes, A. Fuentes
Summary: A multi-wavelength pyrometry method is developed to evaluate soot temperature for laminar axisymmetric non-premixed flames. The method combines a single radiative model with three detection wavelengths to increase the accuracy of soot temperature determination. The method is robust and reliable, and can evaluate soot temperature without the need for additional measurements of the soot absorption coefficient.
COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Jerome Yon, Juan Jose Cruz, Felipe Escudero, Jose Moran, Fengshan Liu, Andres Fuentes
Summary: A novel diagnostic method is proposed to characterize the maturity of soot particles in a laminar axisymmetric coflow ethylene diffusion flame based on the spectral dependence of soot absorption function. The method combines line-of-sight attenuation and emission measurements to determine various parameters of soot. The methodology is validated using synthetic spectral signals and applied to analyze experimental data, providing insights into the distribution of soot properties in the flame.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2021)
Article
Thermodynamics
Francisco Cepeda, Rodrigo Demarco, Felipe Escudero, Juan Jose Cruz Villanueva, Gonzalo Carvajal, Andres Fuentes
Summary: This study investigated the relationship between soot concentration and temperature, and provided new data for time-dependent numerical simulations by measuring local radiative heat flux on transient laminar flames. Results showed that forced condition significantly changed soot production, temperature distribution, and radiative properties, enhancing flame radiation.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
F. Escudero, J. J. Cruz, F. Liu, A. Fuentes
Summary: This study presents a layer-peeling algorithm to correct the signal trapping effect in planar laser-induced incandescence measurements. Numerical and experimental tests have shown that the proposed method is effective in correcting the signal trapping effect and reducing errors. Furthermore, the method is computationally efficient and accurate compared to other methods.
MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
F. Escudero, R. Demarco, J. J. Cruz, I. Verdugo, G. Carvajal, G. Olivares, F. Valenzuela, D. Han, H. Lin, A. Fuentes
Summary: The procedure presented in this study calculates the radiative intensity emitted from soot and models the incident radiative power released from soot particles on a surface using estimations of soot volume fraction and temperature fields. The results show that the method accurately estimates the reference intensity from simulated signals, demonstrating practical significance.
APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Maria Thomsen, Juan Jose Cruz, Felipe Escudero, Andres Fuentes, Carlos Fernandez-Pello, Michael Gollner, David L. Urban, Gary A. Ruff
Summary: The spread of fire inside a spacecraft is a constant concern for space travel. This study aims to understand the combustion processes in microgravity and investigate the role of thermal radiation in flame spread. The experiments conducted as part of the NASA project Saffire IV provide valuable data and insights for future space facilities' fire safety.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Felipe Escudero, Juan J. Cruz, Ignacio Verdugo, Nicolas Gutierrez, Fengshan Liu, Jerome Yon, Andres Fuentes
Summary: The auto-compensating laser-induced incandescence (AC-LII) technique is commonly used to measure soot volume fraction (fv) in flames. This study proposes a correction to the AC-LII measured fv based on the soot maturity coefficient β and absorption function E(m,λ) in a laminar coflow ethylene diffusion flame. The corrected AC-LII results are in good agreement with those measured by MW-LOSA/EMI. Rating: 9 points
PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Jose Moran, M. Reza Kholghy
Summary: This work provides a theoretical explanation for obtaining collision kernels from the first-time passage approach proposed by Gopalakrishnan and Hogan Jr. (2011). The new approach offers an interesting correction for particle coagulation at high concentrations and highlights the limitations of classical derivations by Fuchs (1964) and Friedlander (2000) in neglecting the transient part of the diffusive collision kernel.
AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Juan J. Cruz, Felipe Escudero, Ignacio Verdugo, Paulo Rivera, Nicolas Gutierrez-Caceres, Jerome Yon, Andres Fuentes
Summary: This study quantifies the sooting propensity of gasoline surrogate, anisole, and gasoline/anisole mixture using non-intrusive optical diagnostics. The results show that increasing anisole content in the fuel mixture greatly increases soot volume fraction, while overall temperature slightly decreases.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Jose Moran, Li Li, Hui Ouyang, Yuechen Qiao, Bernard A. Olson, Christopher J. Hogan Jr
Summary: We have developed a method to directly invert the two-dimensional size and charge distributions of particles in a wire-plate electrostatic precipitator (ESP). By using a tandem differential mobility analyzer (TDMA) system and a DMA combined with an aerodynamic particle spectrometer, we obtained information on the charge levels attained by particles in the ESP. The charge distribution follows a Gaussian profile and the average charge scales in a power-law manner.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Jorge Portilla, Juan J. Cruz, Felipe Escudero, Alonso Rodriguez, Rodrigo Demarco, Andres Fuentes, Gonzalo Carvajal
Summary: This paper presents a low-cost approach based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) for retrieving fields of soot temperature in laminar flames from broadband soot emission signals captured with a color camera. The approach generates numerical simulations of soot temperature fields and their corresponding projections to the camera plane, and uses large datasets to design and train different ANN models. The experiments show that properly trained ANNs outperform traditional techniques in retrieving soot temperature and can provide accurate temperature fields from emission measurements taken in real experimental campaigns.
JOURNAL OF THE ENERGY INSTITUTE
(2023)
Article
Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications
Jose Moran
Summary: This study discusses the ability of the Langevin equation to predict coagulation kernels in the transition regime and proposes a new simplified formula for determining coagulation kernels in this regime. The findings are of significance for understanding the collision frequency of suspended particles.
FRACTAL AND FRACTIONAL
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yingna Du, Chen Huang, Wei Jiang, Qiangwei Yan, Yongfei Li, Gang Chen
Summary: In this study, anionic surfactants modified hydrotalcite was used as a flow improver for crude oil under low-temperature conditions. The modified hydrotalcite showed a significant viscosity reduction effect on crude oil. The mechanism of the modified hydrotalcite on viscosity and pour point of crude oil was explored through characterization and analysis of the modified hydrotalcite and oil samples.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Mohammad Saeid Rostami, Mohammad Mehdi Khodaei
Summary: In this study, a hybrid structure, MIL-53(Al)@MWCNT, was synthesized by combining MIL-53(Al) particles and -COOH functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT). The hybrid structure was then embedded in a polyethersulfone (PES) polymer matrix to prepare a mixed matrix membrane (MMM) for CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 separation. The addition of MWCNTs prevented MIL-53(Al) aggregation, improved membrane mechanical properties, and enhanced gas separation efficiency.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yunlong Li, Desheng Huang, Xiaomeng Dong, Daoyong Yang
Summary: This study develops theoretical and experimental techniques to determine the phase behavior and physical properties of DME/flue gas/water/heavy oil systems. Eight constant composition expansion (CCE) tests are conducted to obtain new experimental data. A thermodynamic model is used to accurately predict saturation pressure and swelling factors, as well as the phase boundaries of N2/heavy oil systems and DME/CO2/heavy oil systems, with high accuracy.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Morteza Afkhamipour, Ebad Seifi, Arash Esmaeili, Mohammad Shamsi, Tohid N. Borhani
Summary: Non-conventional amines are being researched worldwide to overcome the limitations of traditional amines like MEA and MDEA. Adequate process and thermodynamic models are crucial for understanding the applicability and performance of these amines in CO2 absorption, but studies on process modeling for these amines are limited. This study used rate-based modeling and Deshmukh-Mather method to model CO2 absorption by DETA solution in a packed column, validated the model with experimental data, and conducted a sensitivity analysis of mass transfer correlations. The study also compared the CO2 absorption efficiency of DETA solution with an ionic solvent [bmim]-[PF6] and highlighted the importance of finding optimum operational parameters for maximum absorption efficiency.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Arastoo Abdi, Mohamad Awarke, M. Reza Malayeri, Masoud Riazi
Summary: The utilization of smart water in EOR operations has gained attention, but more research is needed to understand the complex mechanisms involved. This study investigated the interfacial tension between smart water and crude oil, considering factors such as salt, pH, asphaltene type, and aged smart water. The results revealed that the hydration of ions in smart water plays a key role in its efficacy, with acidic and basic asphaltene acting as intrinsic surfactants. The pH also influenced the interfacial tension, and the aged smart water's interaction with crude oil depended on asphaltene type, salt, and salinity.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Dongao Zhu, Kun Zhu, Lixian Xu, Haiyan Huang, Jing He, Wenshuai Zhu, Huaming Li, Wei Jiang
Summary: In this study, cobalt-based metal-organic frameworks (Co-based MOFs) were used as supports and co-catalysts to confine the NHPI catalyst, solving the leaching issue. The NHPI@Co-MOF with carboxyl groups exhibited stronger acidity and facilitated the generation of active oxygen radicals O2•, resulting in enhanced catalytic activity. This research provides valuable insights into the selection of suitable organic linkers and broadens the research horizon of MOF hybrids in efficient oxidative desulfurization (ODS) applications.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Edwin G. Hoyos, Gloria Amo-Duodu, U. Gulsum Kiral, Laura Vargas-Estrada, Raquel Lebrero, Rail Munoz
Summary: This study investigated the impact of carbon-coated zero-valent nanoparticle concentration on photosynthetic biogas upgrading. The addition of nanoparticles significantly increased microalgae productivity and enhanced nitrogen and phosphorus assimilation. The presence of nanoparticles also improved the quality of biomethane produced.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yao Xiao, Asma Leghari, Linfeng Liu, Fangchao Yu, Ming Gao, Lu Ding, Yu Yang, Xueli Chen, Xiaoyu Yan, Fuchen Wang
Summary: Iron is added as a flocculant in wastewater treatment and the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of sludge produces wastewater containing Fe. This study investigates the effect of aqueous phase (AP) recycling on hydrochar properties, iron evolution and environmental assessment during HTC of sludge. The results show that AP recycling process improves the dewatering performance of hydrochar and facilitates the recovery of Fe from the liquid phase.
Article
Energy & Fuels
He Liang, Tao Wang, Zhenmin Luo, Jianliang Yu, Weizhai Yi, Fangming Cheng, Jingyu Zhao, Xingqing Yan, Jun Deng, Jihao Shi
Summary: This study investigated the influence of inhibitors (carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and heptafluoropropane) on the lower flammability limit of hydrogen and determined the critical inhibitory concentration needed for complete suppression. The impact of inhibitors on explosive characteristics was evaluated, and the inhibitory mechanism was analyzed with chemical kinetics. The results showed that with the increase of inhibitor quantity, the lower flammability limit of hydrogen also increased. The research findings can contribute to the safe utilization of hydrogen energy.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Zonghui Liu, Zhongze Zhang, Yali Zhou, Ziling Wang, Mingyang Du, Zhe Wen, Bing Yan, Qingxiang Ma, Na Liu, Bing Xue
Summary: In this study, high-performance solid catalysts based on phosphotungstic acid (HPW) supported on Zr-SBA-15 were synthesized and evaluated for the one-pot conversion of furfural (FUR) to γ-valerolactone (GVL). The catalysts were characterized using various techniques, and the ratio of HPW and Zr was found to significantly affect the selectivity of GVL. The HPW/Zr-SBA-15 (2-4-15) catalyst exhibited the highest GVL yield (83%) under optimized reaction conditions, and it was determined that a balance between Bronsted acid sites (BAS) and Lewis acid sites (LAS) was crucial for achieving higher catalytic performance. The reaction parameters and catalyst stability were also investigated.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Michael Stoehr, Stephan Ruoff, Bastian Rauch, Wolfgang Meier, Patrick Le Clercq
Summary: As part of the global energy transition, an experimental study was conducted to understand the effects of different fuel properties on droplet vaporization for various conventional and alternative fuels. The study utilized a flow channel to measure the evolution of droplet diameters over time and distance. The results revealed the temperature-dependent effects of physical properties, such as boiling point, liquid density, and enthalpy of vaporization, and showed the complex interactions of preferential vaporization and temperature-dependent influences of physical properties for multi-component fuels.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yuan Zhuang, Ruikang Wu, Xinyan Wang, Rui Zhai, Changyong Gao
Summary: Through experimental validation and optimization of the chemical kinetic model, it was found that methanol can accelerate the oxidation reaction of ammonia, and methanol can be rapidly oxidized at high concentration. HO2 was found to generate a significant amount of OH radicals, facilitating the oxidation of methanol and ammonia. Rating: 7.5/10.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Radwan M. EL-Zohairy, Ahmed S. Attia, A. S. Huzayyin, Ahmed I. EL-Seesy
Summary: This paper presents a lab-scale experimental study on the impact of diethyl ether (DEE) as an additive to waste cooking oil biodiesel with Jet A-1 on combustion and emission features of a swirl-stabilized premixed flame. The addition of DEE to biodiesel significantly affects the flame temperature distribution and emissions. The W20D20 blend of DEE, biodiesel, and Jet A-1 shows similar flame temperature distribution to Jet A-1 and significantly reduces UHC, CO, and NOx emissions compared to Jet A-1.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Jiang Bian, Ziyuan Zhao, Yang Liu, Ran Cheng, Xuerui Zang, Xuewen Cao
Summary: This study presents a novel method for ammonia separation using supersonic flow and develops a mathematical model to investigate the condensation phenomenon. The results demonstrate that the L-P nucleation model accurately characterizes the nucleation process of ammonia at low temperatures. Numerical simulations also show that increasing pressure and concentration can enhance ammonia condensation efficiency.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Shiyuan Pan, Xiaodan Shi, Beibei Dong, Jan Skvaril, Haoran Zhang, Yongtu Liang, Hailong Li
Summary: Integrating CO2 capture with biomass-fired combined heat and power (bio-CHP) plants is a promising method for achieving negative emissions. This study develops a reliable data-driven model based on the Transformer architecture to predict the flowrate and CO2 concentration of flue gas in real time. The model validation shows high prediction accuracy, and the potential impact of meteorological parameters on model accuracy is assessed. The results demonstrate that the Transformer model outperforms other models and using near-infrared spectral data as input features improves the prediction accuracy.