Article
Materials Science, Characterization & Testing
Ibrahim M. Alarifi
Summary: This research proposes a new method to simulate the failure of a 3D-printed engineering design. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) of PETG/CF material was used to develop and build the structure's topology, and the mechanical characteristics of the material were quantitatively linked to experimental results. The study demonstrates the use of FEA in 3D printing to evaluate the performance of a helmet chinstrap design under different production conditions, potentially reducing product design and development time.
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
A. Serjouei, A. Yousefi, A. Jenaki, M. Bodaghi, M. Mehrpouya
Summary: Additive manufacturing enables the fabrication of smart sandwich structures with shape memory functionality through four-dimensional (4D) printing, allowing deformed structures to recover their original shape by simple heating. Experimental and simulation studies identify wall thickness, layer height, and nozzle temperature as critical parameters affecting compressive load and energy absorption rate. These findings are expected to guide the design and fabrication of 4D printed sandwich structures for energy absorption applications.
SMART MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Charles de Kergariou, Antoine Le Duigou, Adam Perriman, Fabrizio Scarpa
Summary: This work explores the design space of bio-based and humidity-triggered 4D printed shape-changing biocomposites through fabrication, modelling, and testing. The aim is to enhance the understanding of control actuation through printing path tailoring and unlock new applications for biomaterials and autonomous actuator design. The composites, made of flax yarns and polylactic acid matrix filaments, demonstrate moisture-induced actuation. Different composite architectures, including cross-ply configurations, are developed to achieve the desired actuation curvature. A finite element model is used to capture the complexity of the printed hygromorphs.
MATERIALS & DESIGN
(2023)
Article
Mechanics
Suong Hoa, Bhargavi Reddy, Daniel Rosca
Summary: 4D Printing of Composites (4DPC) is a cost-effective manufacturing technique that creates complex composite structures using a flat mold and leveraging the anisotropic nature of unsymmetric laminates. The technique was successfully applied in developing omega-shaped aircraft wing stiffeners with good agreement between calculated stiffness and experimental results.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Kyra McLellan, Terek Li, Yu-Chen Sun, Michael B. Jakubinek, Hani E. Naguib
Summary: The development of innovative materials for 3D printing is creating potential opportunities for advancements in additive manufacturing technologies, including 4D printing. By creating shape memory polymer composites (SMPCs), printed parts can now have increased functionalities, such as shape transformation and smart response. These materials show great potential for the quick and affordable manufacturing of soft robotic systems.
ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Kyra McLellan, Terek Li, Yu-Chen Sun, Michael B. Jakubinek, Hani E. Naguib
Summary: The development of innovative materials for 3D printing, including shape memory polymer composites, is creating opportunities for advancements in additive manufacturing. This study focuses on the fabrication and evaluation of a shape memory polymer composite consisting of a TPU:PLA blend system with embedded MXene flakes. Results show that the addition of 0.5 wt % MXene greatly improves the mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of the composite. At higher loadings of 2 wt % MXene, the composite exhibits fast shape memory effect with a recovery rate of approximately 98% in under 14 seconds. This research demonstrates the great potential of MXene-loaded composites for fast shape memory actuation in 3D/4D printed structures.
ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Muhammad Yasar Razzaq, Joamin Gonzalez-Gutierrez, Muhammad Farhan, Rohan Das, David Ruch, Stephan Westermann, Daniel F. Schmidt
Summary: This research presents the 4D printing of electro-active triple-shape composites based on thermoplastic blends. The composites were suitable for 3D printing by fused filament fabrication (FFF) and the resulting parts demonstrated the triple-shape effect. By increasing voltages in a stepwise fashion, the printed demonstrators realized the triple-shape effect through a thermo-mechanical programming procedure. The 3D printing of such electroactive composites opens up possibilities for complex shapes with defined geometries and novel methods for triggering shape memory, which could have potential applications in space, robotics, and actuation technologies.
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Yongdie Deng, Fenghua Zhang, Menglu Jiang, Yanju Liu, Huiping Yuan, Jinsong Leng
Summary: 4D printing is used to fabricate smart medical structures with remote control capability and therapeutic function. It incorporates gold nanoparticles into a shape memory polyurethane matrix to create a multifunctional composite with good mechanical properties and light-active shape memory. The composites demonstrate rapid and stable light-thermal effects for localized and controlled tumor ablation. Additionally, 4D-printed structures can quickly recover their shape under light exposure, offering potential for minimally invasive treatment.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Xiaohao Sun, Liang Yue, Luxia Yu, Han Shao, Xirui Peng, Kun Zhou, Frederic Demoly, Ruike Zhao, H. Jerry Qi
Summary: The study presents a novel approach using machine learning and evolutionary algorithms to guide the design process efficiently for achieving target shape changes. By utilizing a recurrent neural network-based ML model and 4D printing technology, the design process becomes more flexible, allowing the design of active straight beams based on hand-drawn lines.
ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Javier M. Morales Ferrer, Ramon E. Sanchez Cruz, Sophie Caplan, Wim M. van Rees, J. William Boley
Summary: 4D printing is an emerging field that utilizes 3D printing techniques to create morphing structures. Current 4D printing materials are typically soft, limiting scalability and load-bearing capabilities. To overcome these limitations, multiscale heterogeneous polymer composites are introduced. These materials have high elastic modulus and tunable electrical conductivities, enabling autonomous activity and self-sensing capabilities. Through 4D printing, self-supporting structures with unprecedented load-bearing abilities and transformable 3D shapes can be created.
ADVANCED MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Xinyu Dong, Fenghua Zhang, Linlin Wang, Yanju Liu, Jinsong Leng
Summary: 4D printing combines additive manufacturing with stimuli-responsive materials to create smart devices with remote control capabilities. Through experiments on electroactive shape memory polymer composites, the relationship between structural design, printing parameters, and shape-memory performance was investigated. This work provides a new feasible way for the design and manufacturing of electroactive devices in the future.
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Ping Cheng, Kui Wang, Antoine Le Duigou, Jiachen Liu, Zhixiang Liu, Yong Peng, Said Ahzi
Summary: This study presented a novel dual-nozzle 3D printing method for manufacturing continuous fiber reinforced composite cellular structures (CFRSs). By introducing dual-nozzle modules and corresponding printing paths, the manufacturing speed could be theoretically increased by two times. A typical rhombus filled cellular structure was fabricated using this method. Mechanical tests showed that CFRSs printed using single and dual-nozzle approaches had similar properties, with a difference within 6.0%. Additionally, this multi-nozzle printing technique allowed for the fabrication of complex structures with desired properties, such as multicellular and hybrid fiber structures.
COMPOSITES COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Review
Engineering, Manufacturing
Chukwuemeke William Isaac, Fabian Duddeck
Summary: 4D printing technology has opened up new possibilities in crashworthiness application. Energy-absorbing structures with fixed shapes and irreversible deformations can recover their initial shapes, properties, and functionalities after deformation, thanks to external stimuli. This survey explores the progress of shape memory/recovery energy-absorbing metamaterials (EAMM) and energy-absorbing smart/intelligent structures (EASS). The introduction provides fundamental concepts of metamaterials and their application in energy-absorbing structures. The survey then highlights common 3D printing technologies that have enabled the development of 4D printed EAMM and EASS. Shape memory materials, their properties, and recovery processes are discussed, followed by the presentation of various recoverable/reversible energy absorbers and their future challenges and prospects. Well-designed 4D printed EAMM and EASS offer reusability with minimal maintenance and increased energy absorption capacity.
VIRTUAL AND PHYSICAL PROTOTYPING
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Charles de Kergariou, Byung Chul Kim, Adam Perriman, Antoine Le Duigou, Sofiane Guessasma, Fabrizio Scarpa
Summary: This paper describes a novel voxel-based technique for modeling 3D printed continuous yarns of fiber composites. By utilizing a set of variables and an evolutionary algorithm, this technique simplifies and accelerates the design process of parts. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of this modeling strategy.
ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Harsh Pandey, Shubham Shankar Mohol, Rudranarayan Kandi
Summary: Additive manufacturing of shape memory materials allows for modification of the shape and functionality of static structures. This study explores the shape-memory effect of different compositions of biodegradable polymers and investigates the biomedical application of the printed structures using 4D printing technology.
Article
Mechanics
Rawan Aqel, Patrick Severson, Rani Elhajjar
Summary: A novel core splice joint configuration for composite sandwich structures is studied and proposed to improve the strength and toughness. Experimental and numerical efforts show that this configuration can significantly increase the ultimate strength by 13% to 51% and the toughness by 2% to 35%.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)
Article
Mechanics
Xianheng Wang, Cong Chen, Jinsong Zhang, Xinming Qiu
Summary: In this paper, a new form-finding method based on spatial elastica model (FMSE) is proposed for elastic gridshells. The method integrates the deformations of elastic rods into the overall deformation of the gridshell, and solves a set of transcendental equations using the quasi-Newton method to ensure the deformation satisfies the given boundary conditions. The method is validated through experiments and expected to have potential applications in the investigations of elastic gridshells.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)
Article
Mechanics
Hao Huang, Zitong Guo, Zhongde Shan, Zheng Sun, Jianhua Liu, Dong Wang, Wang Wang, Jiale Liu, Chenchen Tan
Summary: The conventional evaluation of 3D braided composites' mechanical properties through numerical and experimental methodologies hinders material application due to the expenses, time constraints, and laborious efforts involved. This study establishes a multi-scale finite element model and a surrogate model for predicting the elastic properties of 3D4D rotary braided composites with voids. By optimizing a neural network model, the results are validated and provide valuable insights into the microstructure and properties of these composites.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)
Article
Mechanics
Xinyu Li, Hao Zhang, Haiyang Yang, Junrong Luo, Zhongmin Xiao, Hongshuai Lei
Summary: Due to their excellent mechanical properties and design flexibility, fluted-core composite sandwich structures have gained significant attention in aerospace and rail transit applications. This study investigated the free-vibration characteristics and optimized design of composite fluted-core sandwich cylinders through theoretical models and experimental tests.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)
Article
Mechanics
Chao Li, Chunzheng Duan, Xiaodong Tian, Chao Wang
Summary: A mechanistic model considering the bottom edge cutting effect and the anisotropic characteristics of the material is proposed in this paper to accurately predict cutting forces. The model was validated through a series of milling experiments and can be used to predict the cutting force of various parts of the cutter and any feed direction.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)
Article
Mechanics
Camila Sanches Schimidt, Leopoldo Pisanelli Rodrigues de Oliveira, Carlos De Marqui Jr
Summary: This work investigates the vibro-acoustic performance of graded piezoelectric metamaterial plates. The study shows that piezoelectric metamaterial plates with reconfigurable properties can provide enhanced vibration and sound power attenuation.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)
Article
Mechanics
Jun Ke, Li-jie Liu, Zhen-yu Wu, Zhong-ping Le, Luo Bao, Dong-wei Luo
Summary: Compared with other green natural fibers, ramie has higher mechanical properties and lower cost. In this study, ramie and glass fiber are made into composite circular tubes. The results show that the hybrid circular tube with ramie and glass fiber has improved torsional mechanical properties and reduced weight and cost. The failure mechanisms are affected by the loading direction and the content of each fiber.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)
Article
Mechanics
Natalia Pingaro, Gabriele Milani
Summary: This paper proposes an enhanced analytical model for predicting the behavior of FRCM samples tested under standard tensile tests. The model takes into account the interaction between fibers and matrix through the interface, and assumes different material properties at different phases. By solving a second order linear differential equation, an analytical solution can be obtained. The model is validated with experimental data and shows good predictability.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)
Article
Mechanics
Jialiang Fan, Anastasios P. Vassilopoulos, Veronique Michaud
Summary: This article investigates the effects of voids, joint geometry, and test conditions on the fracture performance of thick adhesive Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) joints. It concludes that grooved DCB joints with low void content tested at low displacement rates showed stable crack propagation without significant crack path deviation.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)
Article
Mechanics
Auwalu I. Mohammed, Kaarthikeyan Raghupathy, Osvaldo De Victoria Garcia Baltazar, Lawson Onokpasah, Roger Carvalho, Anders Mogensen, Farzaneh Hassani, James Njuguna
Summary: This study investigates the performance of composite pressure vessels under damaged and undamaged conditions, providing insights into their reliability and residual strength capabilities. The results demonstrate that the damage profile and its effect on compressive strength are similar between damaged and non-damaged cylinders. When subjected to quasi-static compression, the polyethylene liner absorbs enough elastic strain energy to recover without plastic deformation. Additionally, quasi-static compression has little to no influence on the axial strength of the cylinders. The damage characterization reveals fiber breakage, delamination, local buckling, and brooming failure. This study has direct implications for the safety design tolerances, manufacturing strategies, and operational failure conditions of composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPVs).
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)
Article
Mechanics
Muhammad Irfan Shirazi, Samir Khatir, Djilali Boutchicha, Magd Abdel Wahab
Summary: Structural health monitoring is important to ensure the safety of components and structures. This study proposes a method using finite element models and 1D-CNN network to extract and classify vibration responses for crack detection. The results show that the proposed approach is effective in real-time damage detection.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)
Article
Mechanics
Maryam Mirsalehi, Kiarash Kianpour, Sharif Shahbeyk, Mohammad Bakhshi
Summary: This study comprehensively investigates the one-way response of 3D-woven sandwich panels (3DWSPs) and their interfering parameters, providing interpretation of elastic and failure results, failure maps, and reliable theoretical models for linear elastic response and observed failure mechanisms.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)
Article
Mechanics
Yiming Zhao, Zhonggang Wang, Zhigang Yang, Bin Qin
Summary: The paper proposes a Ritz and statistical energy analysis (Ritz SEA) hybrid method for calculating rectangular plate acoustic vibration coupling in the mid-frequency range. This method combines the fast convergence and ability to handle arbitrary boundary conditions of the Ritz method with the power flow equation of the statistical energy analysis method. The results show that this approach effectively filters out random fluctuations in mid-frequency domains while demonstrating exceptional stability and precision.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)
Article
Mechanics
Joao Henrique Fonseca, Woojung Jang, Dosuck Han, Naksoo Kim, Hyungyil Lee
Summary: This study addresses the enhancement of an injection-molded fiber-reinforced plastic / metal hybrid automotive structure and its plastic injection molding process through the integration of the finite element method, artificial intelligence, and evolutionary search methods. Experimental validation of finite element models, the generation of a database through orthogonal array and Latin hypercube methods, and the training of artificial neural networks are conducted. The genetic optimization algorithm is then applied to identify optimal process parameters. The results show significant reduction in product warpage and manufacturing time while maintaining structural strength, contributing to the advancement of composite automotive structures with superior quality.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)
Article
Mechanics
Alessandro Vescovini, Carina Xiaochen Li, Javier Paz Mendez, Bo Cheng Jin, Andrea Manes, Chiara Bisagni
Summary: This paper presents a study on six single-stringer specimens manufactured using the card-sliding technique with non-crimp fabrics and adopting a Double-Double (DD) stacking sequence. The specimens were tested under compression loading conditions to investigate post-buckling and failure in aerospace structures. Experimental results and numerical simulations were compared to analyze the behavior and failure modes of the specimens. The study found promising evidence of a viable solution to optimize aeronautical structures and enhance resistance to skin-stringer separation, particularly with the use of tapered flanges.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)