First description of embryonic and larval development, juvenile growth of the black sea-cucumber Holothuria forskali (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea), a new species for aquaculture in the north-eastern Atlantic

Holothuria forskali (Delle Chiaje, 1823), also called the black sea cucumber or cotton spinner, is a native species from the North East Atlantic Area and the Mediterranean Sea. This holothurian is newly targeted to supply the Asian Market. In this context, developing aquaculture is important to prevent risks of over fishing. This paper describes the first successful reproduction, larval rearing, and juvenile growth of H. forskali performed in captivity. Reproduction of H. forskali was observed in April 2018. The reproductive behavior was similar to those observed in other species. The auricularia stage hatched after 4 days and lasted > 30 days. Pentactula and metamorphosis to the benthic life was obtained after 40 days. Juveniles have been observed only after 90 days and measured 8 mm long. Juvenile growth was slow (0.1 mm/day) for this first breeding. This first description of H. forskali breeding and rearing in hatchery is encouraging for a new innovative and sustainable aquaculture.