Production of C-14 Levulinate Ester from Glucose Fermentation Liquors Catalyzed by Acidic Ionic Liquids in a Solvent-Free Self-Biphasic System

Herein, we present the C-14 levulinate ester of 2,3-butanediol as the product of sugar fermentation liquors. The designed Bronsted acidic ionic liquid (BAIL) catalysts enable self-induced phase separation with ester products, and the role of anions has been investigated. Esterification reactions were carried out by 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BDO) and levulinic acid in solvent-free media and low temperatures (60-105 degrees C). For comparison, sulfuric acid, amberlite IR-120, and sulfonic acid-functionalized pyridinium ionic liquids with different anions were utilized as a catalyst upon esterification reaction. The diester product, namely, butane-2,3-diyl bis(4-oxopentanoate), was formed with a good yield (85%) and selectivity (85%) after complete conversion of 2,3-BDO in 24 h at 80 degrees C. The low yield (8%) of the monoester was observed. The monoester and diester were separated by a liquid-liquid extraction method. The ester products were characterized by various instrumental techniques such as H-1 and C-13 NMR, GC-FID, LC-MS, and FT-IR spectroscopy. The Hammett acidity functions of BAILs were determined from UV-vis spectroscopy. The catalyst was successfully recycled and reused in the processes. The spent BAILs were reused in six consecutive cycles with only a similar to 7% diminished diester yield and selectivity. The produced levulinate ester will be useful as biofuel additives, solvents, plasticizers, and other applications.