The 2017 Nishinoshima eruption: combined analysis using Himawari-8 and multiple high-resolution satellite images

Nishinoshima volcano suddenly resumed eruptive activity in April 2017 after about 1.5 years of dormancy since its previous activity in 2013-2015. Nishinoshima is an uninhabited isolated island. We analyzed the eruption sequence and the eruptive process of the 2017 eruption (17 April-10 August: 116 days) by combining high-temporal-resolution images from Himawari-8 and high-spatial-resolution images from the ALOS-2, Landsat-8, and Pleiades satellites. We used these data to discuss how temporal variations in the lava effusion rate affected the flow formations and topographical features of the effused lava. The total effused volume was estimated to be 1.6 x 10(7) m(3), and the average effusion rate was 1.5 x 10(5) m(3)/day (1.7 m(3)/s). Based on variations in the thermal anomalies in the 1.6-mu m band of Himawari-8, which roughly coincided with that of the lava effusion rate estimated by ALOS-2, the activity was segmented into five stages. In Stage 1 (17-30 April: 14 days), the lava effusion rate was the highest, and lava flowed to the west and southwest. Stage 2 (1 May-5 June: 36 days) showed a uniform decrease in flow, and lava flowed to the southwest and formed the southwestern lava delta. During Stage 3 (6-15 June: 10 days), the lava effusion rate increased in a pulsed manner, the flow direction changed from southwestward to westward, and a narrow lava flow effused from the southern slope of the cone. In Stage 4 (16 June-31 July: 46 days), the lava effusion rate decreased and lava flowed westward through lava tubes, enlarging the western lava delta. Around the end of July, lava effusion mostly stopped. Finally, in Stage 5 (1-10 August: 10 days), explosive eruptions occurred sporadically. The variation in lava effusion rate seemed to play an important role in forming different flow patterns of lava on Nishinoshima. In Stages 1 and 3, lava flowed in multiple directions, while in Stages 2 and 4, it flowed in single direction, probably because the effusion rate was lower. A pulsed increase in the lava effusion rate during Stage 3 caused new breaks and disturbances of the lava passages near the vents, which resulted in changes in flow directions. Differences in the size of lava lobes between the southwestern and western deltas are also considered to result from differences in the lava effusion rate.