Efficacy of multidomain interventions to improve physical frailty, depression and cognition: data from cluster-randomized controlled trials

Background Frailty is the pre-eminent exigency of aging. Although frailty-related impairments are preventable, and multidomain interventions appear more effective than unimodal ones, the optimal components remain uncertain. Methods We devised multidomain interventions against physical and cognitive decline among prefrail/frail community-dwelling >= 65-year-olds and evaluated these in complementary cluster-randomized trials of efficacy and participant empowerment. TheEfficacy Studycompared ~3-monthly telephone consultations vs. 16, 2 h sessions/year comprising communally partaken physical and cognitive training plus nutrition and disease education; theEmpowerment Studycompared the standardEfficacy Studymultidomain intervention (Sessions 1-10) vs. an enhanced version redesigned to empower and motivate individual participants. Changes from baseline in physical, functional, and cognitive performance were measured after 6 and 12 months in theEfficacy Studyand after 6 months in theEmpowerment Study, with post-intervention follow-up at 9 months. Primary outcomes are as follows: Cardiovascular Health Study frailty score; gait speed; handgrip strength; and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Secondary outcomes are as follows: instrumental activities of daily living; metabolic equivalent of task (MET); depressed mood (Geriatric Depression Scale-5 >= 2); and malnutrition (Mini-Nutritional Assessment short-form <= 11). Intervention effects were analyzed using a generalized linear mixed model. Results Efficacy Studyparticipants (n= 1082, 40 clusters) were 75.1 +/- 6.3 years old, 68.7% women, and 64.7% prefrail/frail; analytic clusters: 19 intervention (410/549 completed) vs. 21 control (375/533 completed).Empowerment Studyparticipants (n= 440, 14 clusters) were 75.9 +/- 7.1 years old, 83.6% women, and 56.7% prefrail/frail; analytic clusters: seven intervention (209/230 completed) vs. seven control (189/210 completed). The standard and enhanced multidomain interventions both reduced frailty and significantly improved aspects of physical, functional, and cognitive performance, especially among >= 75-year-olds. Standard multidomain intervention decreased depression [odds ratio 0.56, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.32, 0.99] and malnutrition (odds ratio 0.45, 95% CI 0.26, 0.78) by 12 months and improved concentration at Months 6 (0.23, 95% CI 0.04, 0.42) and 12 (0.46, 95% CI 0.22, 0.70). Participant empowerment augmented activity (4.67 MET/h, 95% CI 1.64, 7.69) and gait speed (0.06 m/s, 95% CI 0.00, 0.11) at 6 months, with sustained improvements in delayed recall (0.63, 95% CI 0.20, 1.06) and MoCA performance (1.29, 95% CI 0.54, 2.03), and less prevalent malnutrition (odds ratio 0.39, 95% CI 0.18, 0.84), 3 months after the intervention ceased. Conclusions Pragmatic multidomain intervention can diminish physical frailty, malnutrition, and depression and enhance cognitive performance among community-dwelling elders, especially >= 75-year-olds; this might supplement healthy aging policies, probably more effectively if participants are empowered.