Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Keisuke Mochida, Hitoshi Nakatogawa
Summary: Autophagy is a degradation system in eukaryotic cells that controls the mass and functions of organelles by degrading excess or defective portions. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle with specific functions that dynamically changes its mass and shape to maintain or regulate its functions. Elaborate mechanisms are required for the proper degradation of the ER.
Review
Neurosciences
Melissa A. Hill, Alex M. Sykes, George D. Mellick
Summary: There are various cellular mechanisms involved in neurodegenerative diseases, and the accumulation of unwanted cellular products with age is a common factor. Autophagy plays a significant role in maintaining neuronal homeostasis and disruption in autophagy can contribute to disease development. Recently, the role of ER-phagy in regulating ER morphology and response to cellular stress has been explored in relation to neurodegenerative diseases. This review discusses current research on ER-phagy and its involvement in these diseases.
JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH
(2023)
Review
Physiology
Fulvio Reggiori, Maurizio Molinari
Summary: ER-phagy is the process of degrading portions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) within lysosomes or vacuoles. It plays a role in recycling cytoplasmic material and organelles, regulating ER size and activity, and removing potentially cytotoxic material. Dysfunctional ER-phagy is associated with specific human diseases and can be targeted by pathogens.
PHYSIOLOGICAL REVIEWS
(2022)
Review
Cell Biology
Ming Yang, Shilu Luo, Xi Wang, Chenrui Li, Jinfei Yang, Xuejing Zhu, Li Xiao, Lin Sun
Summary: The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis, and ER-phagy, a selective form of autophagy, helps remove damaged ER to protect cells from harm caused by excessive ER stress. Many receptor-mediated ER-phagy pathways have been discovered in recent years, highlighting the importance of this newly identified autophagy process in maintaining cellular health.
FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Debora Gentile, Marianna Esposito, Paolo Grumati
Summary: Autophagy is a cellular cleaning system that maintains metabolic balance and plays a crucial role in sustaining malignant cellular growth during tumorigenesis.
FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR BIOSCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Cell Biology
Tomoyuki Fukuda, Tetsu Saigusa, Kentaro Furukawa, Keiichi Inoue, Shun-ichi Yamashita, Tomotake Kanki
Summary: The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) undergoes selective autophagy called reticulophagy or ER-phagy. Reticulon- and receptor expression enhancing protein (REEP)-like ER-shaping proteins, such as budding yeast Atg40, act as reticulophagy receptors to stabilize the phagophore on the ER by interacting with phagophore-conjugated Atg8. Hva22, a REEP family protein in fission yeast, promotes reticulophagy without Atg8-binding capacity and its role can be replaced by expressing Atg40 independently of its Atg8-binding ability.
Review
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Ming Yang, Chongbin Liu, Na Jiang, Yan Liu, Shilu Luo, Chenrui Li, Hao Zhao, Yachun Han, Wei Chen, Li Li, Li Xiao, Lin Sun
Summary: The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an active organelle involved in various physiological processes. Recent studies have shown that dysfunction of the ER plays a role in the progression of kidney disease, particularly diabetic nephropathy (DN). This review discusses the function of the ER, the regulation of homeostasis through the unfolded protein response (UPR) and ER-phagy, as well as the impact of abnormal ER homeostasis in renal cells in DN. Additionally, potential therapeutic targets for DN related to maintaining ER homeostasis are also explored.
FRONTIERS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY
(2023)
Editorial Material
Cell Biology
Marijn Kuijpers, Volker Haucke
Summary: The role of macroautophagy/autophagy in neurons and the physiological substrates in healthy neurons are still largely unknown. Research has shown that loss of neuronal autophagy can affect neurotransmission and calcium homeostasis in axonal and synaptic regions.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Jeffrey Knupp, Madison L. Pletan, Peter Arvan, Billy Tsai
Summary: This article summarizes the discoveries of molecular components required for lysosomal degradation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and their mechanisms of action. It also discusses how cells utilize these mechanisms to create different degradation pathways. Furthermore, it reviews the role of ER-phagy in viral infection pathways and human diseases.
Review
Neurosciences
Xiaoyu Wang, Yuanjian Fang, Qingxia Huang, Penglei Xu, Cameron Lenahan, Jianan Lu, Jingwei Zheng, Xiao Dong, Anwen Shao, Jianmin Zhang
Summary: Autophagy plays a crucial role in brain pathology after ischemic stroke, making its regulation a potential therapeutic target.
EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Yun Lan, Sophie Wilhelmina van Leur, Julia Ayano Fernando, Ho Him Wong, Martin Kampmann, Lewis Siu, Jingshu Zhang, Mingyuan Li, John M. Nicholls, Sumana Sanyal
Summary: This study further characterizes the interplay between Aup1 and the ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2 and how they function in modulating selective autophagy and viral replication. The deficiency of Ube2g2 results in a dramatic reduction in virus production, primarily due to its dual activity in triggering lipophagy and degrading ER chaperones.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Food Science & Technology
Huiqiong Deng, Wenying Chen, Boyang Zhang, Yiwen Zhang, Lingyun Han, Qipeng Zhang, Song Yao, Hongwei Wang, Xiao Li Shen
Summary: This study reveals that the nephrotoxic effect of ochratoxin A (OTA) on human proximal tubule epithelial (HK-2) cells is mediated by the activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and excessive ER-phagy, leading to apoptosis. The vicious cycle between excessive ER-phagy and ERS contributes to the promotion of apoptosis.
FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Alessio Reggio, Viviana Buonomo, Rayene Berkane, Ramachandra M. Bhaskara, Mariana Tellechea, Ivana Peluso, Elena Polishchuk, Giorgia Di Lorenzo, Carmine Cirillo, Marianna Esposito, Adeela Hussain, Antje K. Huebner, Christian A. Hubner, Carmine Settembre, Gerhard Hummer, Paolo Grumati, Alexandra Stolz
Summary: The degradation of the endoplasmic reticulum via selective autophagy is crucial for cellular homeostasis. FAM134A and FAM134C have been identified as ER-phagy receptors that can induce ER fragmentation and lysosomal degradation. The FAM134 paralogues play a significant role in maintaining ER morphology and increasing ER-phagy flux.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Xiaoxue Zou, Yilong Shi, Shuo Zhang, Jialiang Quan, Jiahuai Han, Shoufa Han
Summary: We reported a sensitive imaging method for reticulophagy, using a fluorescent probe that can track the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) with green fluorescence and reflect lysosomal acidity with red fluorescence. By delivering the ER subdomain into lysosomes, red fluorescence can be observed. The relevance of red fluorescence to reticulophagy was validated through various experiments. This imaging method can be used to identify reticulophagy inducers.
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
(2023)
Article
Neurosciences
Klaas Yperman, Marijn Kuijpers
Summary: The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a crucial organelle within eukaryotic cells, with the ability to regulate calcium fluxes and communicate with other organelles. Its significance in neuronal processes like neurite growth, axon repair, and neurotransmission has gained considerable attention. This review highlights the importance of the ER tubular network in maintaining axonal homeostasis and emphasizes the cooperative efforts of ER-shaping proteins, cytoskeleton, and autophagy processes.
MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR NEUROSCIENCE
(2023)