Luminescence Turn-On Detection of Gossypol Using Ln3+-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks and Ln3+ Salts

Gossypol (Gsp), a natural toxin concentrated in cottonseeds, poses great risks to the safe consumption of cottonseed products, which are used extensively throughout the food industry. In this work, we report the first luminescence turn-on sensors for Gsp using near-infrared emitting lanthanide (Ln(3+)) materials, including Ln(3+) MOFs and Ln(3+) salts. We first demonstrate that the Yb3+ photoluminescence of a Yb3+ MOF, Yb-NH2-TPDC, can be employed to selectively detect Gsp with a limit of detection of 25 mu g/mL via a turn-on response from a completely nonemissive state in the absence of Gsp. The recyclability and stability of Yb-NH2-TPDC in the presence of Gsp was demonstrated by fluorescence spectroscopy and PXRD analysis, respectively. A variety of background substances present in practical samples that would require Gsp sensing, such as refined cottonseed oil, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, and alpha-tocopherol, did not interfere with the Yb3+ photoluminescence signal. We further identified that the turn-on of Yb-NH2-TPDC photoluminescence was due to the antenna effect of Gsp, as evidenced by spectroscopic studies and supported by computational analysis. This is the first report that Gsp can effectively sensitize Yb3+ photoluminescence. Leveraging this sensing mechanism, we demonstrate facile, highly sensitive, fast-response detection of Gsp using YbCl3 center dot 6H(2)O and NdCl3 center dot 6H(2)O solutions. Overall, we show for the first time that Ln(3+)-based materials are promising luminescent sensors for Gsp detection. We envision that the reported sensing approach will be applicable to the detection of a wide variety of aromatic molecules using Ln(3+) compounds including MOFs, complexes, and salts.