Article
Forestry
Vladimirs Biziks, Sascha Bicke, Gerald Koch, Holger Militz
Summary: The average molecular size of phenol-formaldehyde resin has an impact on the durability of wood, influencing the resistance to decay caused by different types of fungi. The study showed that different resin oligomer sizes led to varying levels of decay resistance in treated wood, with higher molecular sizes requiring higher resin loadings for similar levels of durability against rot fungi.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Ayuni Nur Apsari, Eko Sudoyo, Eka Mulya Alamsyah, Kenji Kobayashi, Takashi Tanaka
Summary: This study used X-ray microtomography to observe the distribution of LMP and Cu in plywood. The results showed that LMP was evenly distributed throughout the plywood, while Cu mainly existed on the veneer surface.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Xianfeng Mo, Xinhao Zhang, Lu Fang, Yu Zhang
Summary: Thermoplastic adhesives can effectively solve the formaldehyde emission issue in the wood-based panel industry. Compared to conventional urea-formaldehyde resin-bonded panels, thermoplastic-bonded wood-based panels exhibit higher mechanical properties, better water resistance, and improved machinability.
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Miao Zou, Qiheng Tang, Wenjing Guo
Summary: In this study, high-strength wood-based laminated composites (DWLCs) were fabricated using delignified birch veneers as raw materials. The partial delignification process was found to enhance the mechanical properties of the wood-based composites. The strengthening mechanisms of the high-performance DWLCs were also investigated.
POLYMER COMPOSITES
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Elodie Melro, Hugo Duarte, Filipe E. Antunes, Artur J. M. Valente, Anabela Romano, Magnus Norgren, Bruno Medronho
Summary: A new type of foam material was developed by partially substituting non-sustainable phenol with lignin extracted from pine wood residues using a green levulinic acid-based solvent. The novel foams were compared to commercially available lignin-based foams in terms of various features, including foam density, microstructure, surface hydrophilicity, chemical grafting, and mechanical and thermal properties. The research showed that up to 30 wt% of phenol can be replaced without compromising the foam properties, indicating the potential of lignin-based foams as sustainable and renewable alternatives to petrol-based counterparts.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Hamed Younesi-Kordkheili
Summary: This research investigated the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard panels bonded with maleated-lignin-phenol-formaldehyde (mLPF) resin. The results showed that by using maleated lignin as a substitute for phenol in the resin synthesis, the particleboard panels exhibited lower formaldehyde emission, higher dimensional stability, and improved mechanical strength.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADHESION AND ADHESIVES
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Jinming Liu, Jianlin Fang, Enjun Xie, Weixing Gan
Summary: A novel type of phenol-formaldehyde resin was synthesized by reacting the liquefaction products of phenol and formaldehyde under acidic and alkaline conditions respectively. The relationship between the liquefaction behavior of cassava starch and the properties of the modified resin wood adhesive was investigated. The results showed that the bonding strength decreased with decreasing liquid-solid ratio, but still met the national standard requirement when the ratio was 1.0.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Jinming Liu, Enjun Xie, Yanrong Tang, Rui Feng, Weixing Gan
Summary: Liquefaction products obtained from bagasse lignin and phenol with sulfuric acid as catalyst were used to synthesize bagasse lignin-based phenol formaldehyde (BLPF) resin. The BLPF resin showed a dark brown appearance, lower solid content, swelling degree, pH, and storage life compared to traditional PF resin. Although the bonding properties of the resin were undermined, the environmental performance was enhanced. The BLPF resin-based plywood had lower bonding strength, reduced formaldehyde emission, and increased weight loss compared to plywood made with PF resin.
SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACY
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Hanyin Li, Sen Wang, Xiang Zhang, Hao Wu, Yujie Wang, Na Zhou, Zijie Zhao, Chao Wang, Xiaofan Zhang, Xian Wang, Cheng Li
Summary: Soybean meal was used to modify phenol-formaldehyde resin, resulting in soybean meal-phenol-formaldehyde (SMPF) resins. The study investigated the impact of soybean meal on the structural, bonding, and curing properties of PF resin, which are crucial for its applications in the wood industry.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Huandong Yao, Xiaoyan Zhang, Liming Shen, Ningzhong Bao
Summary: The environmental-friendly PVB/PF composite coatings significantly improve wear resistance and corrosion resistance, with the increase of PF content contributing to these properties. The uniform and dense structure formed by PVB and PF provides the composite coating with good flexibility, high mechanical strength, and excellent barrier properties.
PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS
(2021)
Article
Polymer Science
Juris Grinins, Mairis Iesalnieks, Vladimirs Biziks, Ineta Gritane, Guntis Sosins
Summary: Phenol-formaldehyde resins have potential as treatment agents for wood protection, but the hydroxyl groups on the periphery make the resin absorb water, affecting the protection effect. To overcome this, PF pre-polymers were chemically modified with long-chain fatty acid chlorides to improve the hydrophobic properties. The results showed that the modified PF resin-treated wood had a higher contact angle, indicating better hydrophobicity, but the long-term outdoor application might result in the loss of hydrophobic properties.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Archana Bansode, Lorena Alexandra Portilla Villarreal, Yuyang Wang, Osei Asafu-Adjaye, Brian K. Via, Ramsis Farag, Iris Beatriz Vega Erramuspe, Maria L. Auad
Summary: In this study, biobased novolacs phenol-formaldehyde (BNPF) resins were developed by partially replacing petroleum-derived phenol and formaldehyde with lignin derived from kraft biorefinery and modified kraft biorefinery-derived lignin, respectively. The lignin was chemically modified through the periodate oxidation process, and a series of BNPF resins were synthesized by replacing phenol and formaldehyde with lignin and oxidized lignin. The NPF resins exhibited the formation of methylene linkages in the phenolic rings. The bonding performance tests showed that BNPF resin adhesives have high adhesion strengths (>0.7 MPa). This research provides a promising perspective for utilizing natural polymers such as lignin for the synthesis of biobased wood adhesives.
ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Dongbing Li, Lingyan Zhu, Franco Berruti, Cedric Briens
Summary: Biomass fast pyrolysis in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor with two key innovations produced dry bio-oils with low moisture and acidity, which can be used to produce wood adhesives meeting international standards by substituting up to 65-80% of phenol.
INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
(2021)
Article
Forestry
Qian Lang, Vladimirs Biziks, Holger Militz
Summary: This study investigated the influence of different molecular weights of phenol formaldehyde resin on the sorption behavior of beech wood. The results showed that the modified samples had lower moisture content compared to the unmodified samples, and the decrease in moisture content was more significant with higher molecular weights of the PF resin. The sorption hysteresis of the modified wood also decreased compared to the unmodified samples.
Article
Forestry
Qian Lang, Vladimirs Biziks, Holger Militz
Summary: This study investigated the effects of different molecular weights and concentrations of PF resin on beech wood. PF resin treatment improved the dimensional stability of the wood but decreased its impact bending strength and modulus of elasticity. Higher molecular weight PF resins were more uniformly distributed in the fiber lumens.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Tengfei Yi, Jeffrey J. Morrell
Summary: The effects of various types and sizes of nano-particles on color, wettability, and surface chemistry of radiata pine sapwood samples were studied. Nano-particles provided different degrees of protection against photo-discoloration, with alpha Fe2O3 nano-particles offering better UV protection. Nano-particles did not reduce wood wettability or prevent lignin degradation completely. Zinc oxide nano-particles provided some protection for cellulose and hemicellulose during UV exposure. Combinations of zinc and iron oxide showed potential for UV protection.
JOURNAL OF COATINGS TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Forestry
Tengfei Yi, Jeffrey J. Morrell
Summary: Nano-particles have the potential to extend the protection of traditional coating systems against UV light degradation, but their direct role in UV performance is not well understood. This study investigated the effects of UV light on the interaction between nano-particles and wood surfaces. It was found that alpha Fe2O3 nano-particles provided the most effective protection against photo-discoloration. All types of nano-particles tested resulted in changes in the wood surface chemistry, with reductions in carbohydrate functional groups and an increase in the aromatic skeletal vibration in lignin. While none of the nano-particles completely protected the wood from UV damage, alpha Fe2O3 nano-particles showed some lignin protection. Zinc oxide nano-particles provided cellulose protection. Combinations of zinc and iron oxide nano-particles may be useful for UV protection.
WOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Forestry
Tengfei Yi, Jeffrey J. Morrell
Summary: The incorporation of nano-particles into coatings has great potential for improving the performance of wood coatings against UV light. However, the mechanisms by which these particles function on wood surfaces are still not well understood. This study investigated the distribution and potential chemical interactions between alpha Fe2O3 and wood, and examined the ability of different sizes of Fe2O3 particles to intercept UV light. The results suggest that nano-particles intercept and disperse light energy while interacting with the wood, providing UV protection.
