Article
Energy & Fuels
Fredrik Hildor, Amir H. Soleimanisalim, Martin Seemann, Tobias Mattisson, Henrik Leion
Summary: This study investigates the effect of using steel converter slag as an oxygen-carrying bed material on tar species generated in a dual fluidized bed biomass gasifier. The findings suggest that steel converter slag possesses catalytic properties, resulting in a decreased ratio of heavy tar components compared to ilmenite and sand. Temperature and fuel load have a significant effect on tar generation compared to the circulation and steam ratio.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Li Yang, Wenbin Chen, Chen Song, Caifu Li, Jinlong Chen, Xi Zhang, Fang Liu
Summary: Chemical looping combustion (CLC) is a technique that utilizes oxygen carriers (OCs) to transfer oxygen and heat between fuel reactor and air reactor. The attrition of OCs is a major impediment to the large-scale application of CLC technology. In this study, the effects of different biomass ashes on the reactivity and attrition resistance of red mud OCs were investigated. The results showed that the rape straw ash promoted the reactivity of OCs, while the bagasse ash improved the attrition resistance. The corn straw ash was found to be an effective material for strengthening the skeleton structure of OCs, enhancing both reactivity and attrition resistance.
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Daoyang Ma, Jinyu Sun, Yili Zhang, Zeyan Sun, Xuebin Wang, Jingbin Zi, Dragoslava Stojiljkovic, Nebojsa Manic, Houzhang Tan, Zia Ur Rahman, Milan Vujanovic
Summary: The utilization of biomass combustion for electricity generation has grown in importance and popularity. However, managing the ash produced during biomass combustion is a major challenge. This study used ICP and XRD to analyze the ecological risk of heavy metals in biomass ash and studied the effects of temperature, stirrer time, and water-ash ratio on potassium extraction. The results showed that fly ash and slag samples had very high ecological risk values, mainly due to the high toxicity of Cd. The main constituents of slag were aluminosilicate and SiO2, while fly ash contained CaSO4, KCl, SiO2, and KAlSi3O8. The most cost-effective potassium extraction method was water washing at room temperature with a stirrer time of about 1 hour, a water-ash ratio of about 2:1, and multiple leaching of fly ash with water recycling incorporated.
BIOMASS & BIOENERGY
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Ali Hedayati, Amir H. Soleimanisalim, Tobias Mattisson, Anders Lyngfelt
Summary: The performance of two oxygen carriers in CLC and CLG conditions were tested, showing higher syngas yield and methane conversion, better mechanical properties and less dust formation.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Zhengxin Fei, Qitong Bao, Xuan Zheng, Long Zhang, Xiaolong Wang, Yajuan Wei, Shuiping Yan, Long Ji
Summary: This paper proposed a glycinate-looping-based CO2 mineralization process for efficient biogas upgrading and phytotoxicity reduction of alkaline ashes. The results showed that the glycinate-ash-CO2 system had higher CO2 removal efficiency and sequestration capacity compared to the traditional water-ash-CO2 system.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Varun Singh, Lukas C. Buelens, Hilde Poelman, Mark Saeys, Guy B. Marin, Vladimir V. Galvita
Summary: A strategy for carbon capture from steel mill gases using a combination of emerging technologies has been proposed, achieving efficient utilization of chemical energy in the steel mill gases and self-sufficiency of electrical power for carbon dioxide compression.
ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Qinghuan Pan, Liping Ma, Wang Du, Jie Yang, Ran Ao, Xia Yin, Sancheng Qing
Summary: Using phosphogypsum and steel slag to prepare OCs for chemical looping gasification can improve waste utilization rate, reduce costs, and produce hydrogen-enriched syngas. Results show that steel slag effectively enhances the performance of phosphogypsum-based OCs.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Ivana Stanicic, Emil Ola Lidman Olsson, Hao Wu, Peter Glarborg, Inaki Adanez-Rubio, Henrik Leion, Tobias Mattisson
Summary: In this study, the interaction between zinc compounds and ilmenite particles was investigated by exposing three types of ilmenites to gas-phase Zn and ZnCl2. The results showed that the gaseous conditions, particle ash layer composition, and iron availability played an important role in the interaction between zinc compounds and ilmenite particles.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yu Yang, Yali Shao, Shiwei Ma, Ping Li, Tao Song
Summary: Oxygen Carrier Aided Combustion (OCAC) is a process that improves combustion efficiency by using oxygen carrier particles. This study found that red mud is a potential low-cost oxygen carrier and investigated the interaction mechanism between organic and inorganic potassium and red mud oxygen carriers, as well as their effect on particle agglomeration.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Guoliang Wang, Jesper Naimi Funch Poulsen, Samira Naimi Funch Poulsen, Peter Arendt Jensen, Flemming Jappe Frandsen
Summary: The Danish wheat straw, rich in K and Cl, is the most problematic fuel in terms of deposit formation, while milled wood pellets, leaves, and bark have lower deposition propensities. The addition of K-capture additives significantly reduces the deposition propensity of wheat straw combustion, but has little effect on wood pellet combustion.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Ivan Gogolev, Toni Pikkarainen, Juho Kauppinen, Markus Hurskainen, Anders Lyngfelt
Summary: The chemical looping combustion of wood pellets, wood char, and straw pellets with different oxygen carriers was studied to investigate alkali emissions. Different fuel types and oxygen carriers had varying impacts on the particle size distributions and stable alkali species compositions. Thermodynamic modeling predicted the stability of different alkali species at 800 degrees Celsius for each fuel type.
FUEL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Ivana Stanicic, Joakim Brorsson, Anders Hellman, Tobias Mattisson, Rainer Backman
Summary: Chemical looping combustion (CLC) enables efficient combustion of hydrocarbon fuels while producing a gas stream with high CO2 concentrations. This paper investigates the fate of ash elements in a system using iron-based oxygen carriers and provides a comprehensive comparison with previous experimental data. The study finds that the choice of oxygen carriers significantly influences the behavior of ash elements.
Article
Thermodynamics
Jintao Huang, Sha Lyu, He Han, Yanjiang Wang, Haoyang Sun, Jingtao Su, Yidong Liu, Yonggang Min, Dazhi Sun
Summary: The generation of syngas through biomass pyrolysis using molten copper slag as a heat source is an innovative technology in the chemical industry. This study investigated the factors affecting syngas yields and identified the mechanism of integrated looping gasification. The results showed that increasing the FeO/SiO2 mass ratio and minor elements contents improved the efficiency of syngas generation and reduced air pollutant emissions. Additionally, the solid ash waste could be used as soil nutrients, and the generated syngas could be utilized for electricity generation.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Benjamin Fleiss, Stefan Penthor, Stefan Mueller, Hermann Hofbauer, Josef Fuchs
Summary: This study aims to develop a fast and cost-effective characterization scheme for oxygen carriers under operational conditions in order to assess the comparability of different materials. Three oxygen carriers were investigated in detail in a laboratory-fluidized bed and compared with operation in an 80 kW pilot plant. The results show that bed material properties such as attrition, density, and bulk density must be prioritized in the evaluation of oxygen carriers.
FUEL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Fandi Angga Prasetya, Sawa Ishizuka, Tomonori Fukasawa, Toru Ishigami, Kazuyuki Sakemi, Takako Fukuda, Kunihiro Fukui
Summary: The relationship between the concentrations of water-and citric-acid-soluble potassium and particle size was investigated for two types of low-potassium-content woody biomass combustion ash. The results showed that as the median diameter decreased, the potassium concentration increased. Additionally, the different forms in which potassium components exist caused differences in the dependence of potassium concentration on ash particle size. The potassium enrichment process can be successfully performed on a factory scale, with the collected fine grinding debris possibly reusable as fertilizer.
JOURNAL OF THE ENERGY INSTITUTE
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Emil O. Lidman Olsson, Peter Glarborg, Henrik Leion, Kim Dam-Johansen, Hao Wu
Summary: This study investigated the release mechanism of phosphorus (P) to the gas phase during the carbothermic reduction of meta-, pyro-, and ortho-phosphates commonly found in biomass. It was found that alkaline earth phosphates were reduced in steps, while alkali metaphosphates were reduced in one step, producing an intermediate phosphite. These findings are important for understanding the release of P in biomass combustion, pyrolysis, and gasification processes.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Fredrik Hildor, Amir H. Soleimanisalim, Martin Seemann, Tobias Mattisson, Henrik Leion
Summary: This study investigates the effect of using steel converter slag as an oxygen-carrying bed material on tar species generated in a dual fluidized bed biomass gasifier. The findings suggest that steel converter slag possesses catalytic properties, resulting in a decreased ratio of heavy tar components compared to ilmenite and sand. Temperature and fuel load have a significant effect on tar generation compared to the circulation and steam ratio.
Article
Thermodynamics
Roland Balint, Markus Engblom, Jonne Niemi, Daniel Lindberg, Timo Saarinen, Jaakko Rautala, Mikko Hupa, Leena Hupa
Summary: By analyzing superheater ash deposits from a kraft recovery boiler, the effects of two deposit ageing mechanisms were identified. Local differences in deposit morphology and chemical composition were observed under the electron microscope. The diffusion of alkali chloride vapours towards the steel due to temperature gradient was evident. The presented results provide a better understanding of intradepositional changes and help assess risks of deposit-related operational problems in the boiler.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Ivana Stanicic, Emil Ola Lidman Olsson, Hao Wu, Peter Glarborg, Inaki Adanez-Rubio, Henrik Leion, Tobias Mattisson
Summary: In this study, the interaction between zinc compounds and ilmenite particles was investigated by exposing three types of ilmenites to gas-phase Zn and ZnCl2. The results showed that the gaseous conditions, particle ash layer composition, and iron availability played an important role in the interaction between zinc compounds and ilmenite particles.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Fredrik Hildor, Duygu Yilmaz, Henrik Leion
Summary: This study investigates the interaction between potassium salts (K2CO3, K2SO4, KH2PO4) and oxygen carriers (LD slag, ilmenite, mixtures of the two, and carriers diluted with silica sand). The results show that the interaction results in agglomeration to varying degrees. K2CO3 and K2SO4 form potassium silicates, while KH2PO4 forms a phosphorus-containing melt. The presence of LD slag leads to the formation of a K-Ca-P phase, which is not observed when ilmenite is present.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Roland Balint, Markus Engblom, Emil Vainio, Tor Lauren, Jonne Niemi, Jaakko Rautala, Timo Saarinen, Mikko Hupa, Leena Hupa
Summary: Deposit samples of different exposure times were collected from a Finnish kraft recovery boiler. Analyzing the morphology and chemical composition of the deposits revealed differences due to varying deposition mechanisms. Increasing exposure time led to enrichment in Cl content, which occurred through diffusion of Cl-vapours from the flue gas. Two aging mechanisms were identified within the deposits, involving alkali chloride layers and sulfation. Analysis of melting temperature showed a higher risk of corrosion in the Cl and K-rich layer adjacent to the steel surface.
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Adrian Stiller, Markus Engblom, Oskar Karlstrom, Mika Linden, Leena Hupa
Summary: Bioactive glasses are effective grafting materials for bone tissue repair, but predicting their degradation behavior in vivo remains challenging. This study investigates the effect of flow rate on the dissolution behavior of bioactive glass S53P4. The findings demonstrate that flow rate significantly affects the glass dissolution rate, ion release, and reaction layer development, emphasizing the importance of dynamic dissolution tests.
JOURNAL OF NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Minna Siekkinen, Oskar Karlstrom, Leena Hupa
Summary: This study expands the understanding of bioactive glass S53P4 dissolution by implementing a cascade reactor, and reveals the influence of released ions and decreased available hydrogen ions for ion exchange on the dissolution behavior.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Emil Vainio, Patrik Yrjas, Leena Hupa, Mikko Hupa
Summary: Optimizing energy recovery and efficient use of energy in flue gases is crucial for power plant economy. NH4Cl is highly corrosive on carbon steel and its corrosion is influenced by water vapor concentration, relative humidity, and temperature. Studying the hygroscopic and corrosive properties of NH4Cl can help prevent NH4Cl deposit build-up and corrosion.
Article
Energy & Fuels
J. -e. Eriksson, J. Lehmusto, M. Dirbeba, L. Silvander, D. Lindberg, L. Hupa
Summary: The study investigated the impact of small alkali halide additions on the melting behavior and corrosivity of a synthetic sulfate deposit at temperatures of 500, 550, and 600 degrees C. Three different alloyed commercial heat-transfer materials were studied. It was found that even small amounts of reactive alkali halides significantly changed the corrosion and melting behavior of the mixture.
Article
Engineering, Biomedical
Peter Uppstu, Simon Engblom, Saara Inkinen, Leena Hupa, Carl-Eric Wilen
Summary: The mechanical properties of polylactide stereocomplexes (PLA SC) have been studied through tensile testing, with inconsistent results. The compressive properties of PLA SC compared to homocrystalline or amorphous PLA remain poorly understood. This study investigates the mechanical and degradation properties of coated glass scaffolds with different types of PLA coatings before and after immersion in simulated body fluid.
JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART B-APPLIED BIOMATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Sara Benalia, Fiseha Tesfaye, Daniel Lindberg, Leena Hupa, Patrice Chartrand, Christian Robelin
Summary: A thermodynamic model has been developed for a mixed-phase salt system (including elements such as NaCl, Na2CO3, Na2SO4, Na2S2O7, Na2CrO4, Na2Cr2O7, Na2MoO4, Na2Mo2O7, Na2O, KCl, K2CO3, K2SO4, K2S2O7, K2CrO4, K2Cr2O7, K2MoO4, K2Mo2O7, and K2O) commonly involved in energy production. This model accurately predicts the properties and phase equilibria of solid deposits formed in steel and stainless steel installations containing alloying elements such as Ni, Cr, Mo, W, and V.
INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Roland Balint, Markus Engblom, Jonne Niemi, Mikko Hupa, Leena Hupa
Summary: This study investigates the initial melting behavior of synthetic ash deposits and how it affects the final deposit morphology. The results show that the amount of melt formed during the experiment plays a crucial role in determining the deposit morphology. Two types of deposit morphologies, skeletal and molten, were identified, and their aging behaviors were found to differ. The findings provide important insights into the connection between deposit morphology and deposit aging.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Sara Benalia, Fiseha Tesfaye, Daniel Lindberg, David Sibarani, Leena Hupa, Patrice Chartrand, Christian Robelin
Summary: This paper evaluates crystallographic data and thermodynamic properties of various salts and provides a foundation for further research on high temperature corrosion.
JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL REFERENCE DATA
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Polina Sinitsyna, Markus Engblom, Leena Hupa
Summary: The impact of substituting K2O for Na2O on the physico-chemical and bioactive properties of bioactive glass S53P4 was studied. It was found that the substitution showed a mixed-alkali effect, with the optimal composition containing around 20% K2O. The thermal properties and ion release kinetics varied with the potassium content, providing insights for tailoring new bioactive glass compositions.