Review
Construction & Building Technology
Ze Chang, Yu Chen, Erik Schlangen, Branko Savija
Summary: This paper reviews different methods for quantifying the buildability of 3D concrete printing, including experimental approaches, analytical modelling, and numerical simulations. It provides a brief introduction to the printing process and discusses material properties at different stages. The paper also reviews experimental and analytical models for buildability quantification and provides an overview of numerical tools for 3D concrete printing. It concludes with a discussion on the limitations of numerical tools for buildability quantification and recommendations for improvement.
DEVELOPMENTS IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Mengtong Zou, Chuanbei Liu, Keying Zhang, Wuqian Li, Qing Cao, Lihua Zhang, Tao Gu, Gaoyin Zhang, Laibao Liu
Summary: This study systematically investigates the effects and mechanisms of different rubber aggregates on the printability and rheological properties of 3D-printed concrete. The incorporation of rubber aggregates reduces the extrudability while improving the buildability of the concrete. Heat treatment can decrease the water absorption rate of rubber aggregates and significantly enhance the extrudability. This study provides a theoretical basis and experimental reference for the design and preparation of 3D-printed rubberized concrete.
JOURNAL OF BUILDING ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
A. Perrot, A. Pierre, V. N. Nerella, R. J. M. Wolfs, E. Keita, S. A. O. Nair, N. Neithalath, N. Roussel, V. Mechtcherine
Summary: This paper compiles selected predictive analytical and numerical tools for modeling and understanding mechanisms during extrusion-based 3D printing of cementitious materials. Basic analytical methods are provided for initial analysis, while advanced numerical tools can accurately simulate the printing process and help optimize rheological response. Further developments are still needed to fully capture the physical mechanisms involved.
CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES
(2021)
Review
Construction & Building Technology
Senthil Kumar Kaliyavaradhan, P. S. Ambily, Prabhat Ranjan Prem, Swapnil Balasaheb Ghodke
Summary: This paper provides a comprehensive review of the test methods used to characterize the fresh and hardened properties of 3DPC and discusses the factors influencing test techniques and future research directions for standardizing the test methods. The extensive information provided in this review will assist the engineering community and 3DPC manufacturers in selecting suitable methods or standards to test 3DPC.
AUTOMATION IN CONSTRUCTION
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Arun R. Arunothayan, Behzad Nematollahi, Kamal H. Khayat, Akilesh Ramesh, Jay G. Sanjayan
Summary: The rheological behavior of 3DP-UHPFRC was investigated, and it was found that the inclusion of steel fibers and nano-clay reduced workability and increased static yield stress, dynamic yield stress, and apparent viscosity. However, the effects became negligible at higher fiber or NC contents.
CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Athira Sasikumar, Dhayalini Balasubramanian, M. S. Senthil Kumaran, V. Govindaraj
Summary: The effect of coarse aggregate content on the performance of 3D printable concrete was studied. Rheological properties of the concrete mix with varying coarse aggregate volume fraction were analyzed. It was found that the mortar volume ratio and fine aggregate ratio influenced the rheological properties and slump flow of the concrete. The concrete mix with 40% coarse aggregate content showed the best buildability with optimal static and dynamic yield stress values.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Peng Zhi, Yu-Ching Wu, Qianfan Yang, Xiangrui Kong, Jianzhuang Xiao
Summary: This study investigates the influence of sizes and shapes of spiral blades on 3D printable concrete construction. The results show that spiral blade geometry has a considerable impact on the rheological properties and extrudability of 3D printing mixtures. The research provides important references for the geometry design of spiral blades in the 3D concrete printing industry.
AUTOMATION IN CONSTRUCTION
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Luiza R. M. de Miranda, Balsa Jovanovic, Karel Lesage, Geert De Schutter
Summary: The effectiveness of 3D concrete printing relies on understanding the rheological properties of cementitious materials and controlling layer deformation to ensure geometric conformity. Failure of 3D-printed objects can occur due to material failure or stability failure, often with interactions between the two mechanisms.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Dengwu Jiao, Caijun Shi, Geert De Schutter
Summary: The study analyzed the application of magneto-rheology control in extrusion-based 3D concrete printing through rheological experiments, showing that introducing a short-pulsed magnetic field during extrusion can significantly improve the buildability of the concrete.
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Sara Bom, Ricardo Ribeiro, Helena M. Ribeiro, Catarina Santos, Joana Marto
Summary: One exciting future direction in 3D printing is the development of personalized smart constructions for bio-applications, such as drug delivery and tissue engineering. Hydrogels, when combined with 3D printing, offer the ability to create soft-material structures with defined spatial locations. However, the lack of uniformity in the design and characterization of hydrogel inks impairs the analysis of their potential behavior and applications.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Nan Zhang, Jay Sanjayan
Summary: Quick mixing technology at the nozzle is a potential approach to improve productivity in 3D concrete printing. This study investigated the effects of rheological modifiers, CMC and nano-clay, on concrete mixing. Results showed that mixing resistance varied with different modifiers, with CMC being more influential. The quick mixing method resulted in better dispersion of modifiers but required more energy.
CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Ana Anton, Lex Reiter, Timothy Wangler, Valens Frangez, Robert J. Flatt, Benjamin Dillenburger
Summary: This paper discusses the latest developments in digital concrete fabrication, specifically 3DCP, and its application in customized column production. The technology allows shaping concrete without formwork and placing material only where functionally required, thus optimizing material use. Additionally, the paper proposes a method for evaluating the geometric complexity of columns.
AUTOMATION IN CONSTRUCTION
(2021)
Review
Construction & Building Technology
Mehrab Nodehi, Federico Aguayo, Shahab Edin Nodehi, Aliakbar Gholampour, Togay Ozbakkaloglu, Osman Gencel
Summary: This article provides a critical review of the durability properties of 3D printed concrete sections, discussing the impact of printing parameters, mixture proportions, and key materials on performance, and offering suggestions for improving durability.
AUTOMATION IN CONSTRUCTION
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Francisco M. Monticeli, Roberta M. Neves, Heitor L. Ornaghi Jr, Jose Humberto S. Almeida
Summary: The study focuses on the fabrication of high-performance 3D printable CF/epoxy composites, using approaches based on artificial neural networks, analysis of variance, and response surface methodology for data prediction and analysis. The predicted results show high reliability and low error level, approaching experimental results. Various parameters influencing the fabrication of the composites are considered, and fast and streamlined fabrications of different composite materials with tailor-made properties are demonstrated.
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Marchant van den Heever, Frederick Bester, Jacques Kruger, Gideon van Zijl
Summary: Extrusion-based 3D concrete printing (3DCP) has made significant advancements in process, control, material, and fresh-state analysis technologies, leading to a new era of reinforced concrete structures. However, there are still limitations in the numerical analysis of complex geometric forms produced by 3DCP technology. This research proposes two finite element (FE) modelling strategies to predict the structural capacity and failure mechanisms of reinforced concrete deep beams produced by 3DCP. Experimental validation shows good agreement between the proposed models and the evaluated configurations.
ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Civil
F. P. Bakker, N. De Koker, C. Viljoen
Summary: This study aims to solve the challenge of spatial variation in wind climate for wind power design by framing it as a model selection and bias variance trade-off problem. By incorporating both site statistics and regionally averaged statistics through the use of characteristic wind speed, an optimal estimator of design wind speed is developed. This estimator varies based on the available data quantity at a specific site and its correspondence to the regional average.
JOURNAL OF WIND ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL AERODYNAMICS
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Marchant van den Heever, Frederick Bester, Jacques Kruger, Gideon van Zijl
Summary: Extrusion-based 3D concrete printing (3DCP) has made significant advancements in process, control, material, and fresh-state analysis technologies, leading to a new era of reinforced concrete structures. However, there are still limitations in the numerical analysis of complex geometric forms produced by 3DCP technology. This research proposes two finite element (FE) modelling strategies to predict the structural capacity and failure mechanisms of reinforced concrete deep beams produced by 3DCP. Experimental validation shows good agreement between the proposed models and the evaluated configurations.
ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Marchant van den Heever, Anton du Plessis, Jacques Kruger, Gideon van Zijl
Summary: Elements fabricated by extrusion-based 3D concrete printing (3DCP) exhibit anisotropic mechanical properties, and the porosity has been found to affect the elasticity and compressive strength. This research quantitatively investigates the porosity metrics of a fibre-reinforced printable concrete (FRPC) mixture and finds that 3DCP samples have higher porosity and altered void attributes. Experimental findings show that the increase in porosity is associated with a decrease in elastic modulus and compressive capacity. The porosity is influenced by factors such as loading direction, stress concentrations, and deformability of the composite configuration.
CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Seung Cho, Algurnon van Rooyen, Elsabe Kearsley, Gideon van Zijl
Summary: This study investigates the susceptibility of precursor foam in 3D printable foamed concrete, particularly in aspects of rheology. The research found that foam stability is not significantly affected in the static environment, however, the pumping process can cause densification for higher density concrete.
JOURNAL OF BUILDING ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
G. M. Moelich, P. J. Kruger, R. Combrinck
Summary: This study investigates the behavior of plastic shrinkage cracking in 3D printed concrete by exposing printed specimens to different drying conditions. The results show that the evaporation rate is closely related to the rate of concrete mass loss, and increasing the evaporation rate leads to direct shrinkage in the concrete.
CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Lenganji Simwanda, Nico De Koker, Celeste Viljoen, Adewumi John Babafemi
Summary: This study investigates the shear model uncertainty and structural reliability of ultra-high-performance fiber reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) beams with stirrups. The model uncertainty of shear models given in different standards is characterized by comparing with nonlinear finite element analyses. It is found that there is a notable negative correlation between model uncertainty and the transverse shear reinforcement ratio.
STRUCTURAL CONCRETE
(2023)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Heidi Christen, Gideon van Zijl, Wibke de Villiers
Summary: As climate change becomes more evident, it is crucial to adopt sustainable practices in all industries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and preserve resources. In the building sector and construction industry, this includes incorporating passive design solutions and using recycled materials. This research focuses on using phase change materials (PCMs) for thermal energy storage and impregnating recycled brick aggregate in 3D printed concrete (3DPC), which effectively delays heat transfer and improves thermal comfort.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Heidi Christen, Seung Cho, Gideon van Zijl, Wibke de Villiers
Summary: This paper investigates the effects of adding a paraffin phase change material to 3D printed concrete on its strength and printability. The addition of phase change materials can enhance the latent and sensible heat storage capacity of concrete, which can be used in buildings to reduce unwanted heat transfer.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Jacques Kruger, Jean-Pierre van der Westhuizen
Summary: The Poisson's ratio of 3D printed concrete is larger compared to conventionally cast concrete, due to the presence of oblate voids in the printed specimens, resulting in orthotropic behavior.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Frederick Bester, Jacques Kruger, Gideon van Zijl
Summary: This study presents a new reinforcement strategy for printed concrete, using modified blind rivets and stainless-steel wire ropes. The proposed strategy improves the flexural performance of the concrete by providing hardening behavior. Experimental evaluations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed reinforcement, with significant improvements in elastic moment capacity observed.
ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Kamoru A. Ibrahim, Gideon P. A. G. van Zijl, Adewumi J. Babafemi
Summary: This study investigates the use of limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) in 3D printed concrete (3DPC) and explores its fresh, rheological, and hardened mechanical properties. The findings suggest that LC2 can be used as a partial replacement for ordinary Portland cement (OPC), improving the buildability and mechanical performance of 3D printed concrete.
JOURNAL OF BUILDING ENGINEERING
(2023)
Review
Construction & Building Technology
Bjorn Ter Haar, Jacques Kruger, Gideon van Zijl
Summary: In order to determine targeted actions for stakeholders in the construction industry, this paper conducts a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis to identify driver-barriers of off-site construction (OSC) and 3D concrete printing (3DCP). The findings suggest that the success of off-site 3DCP building systems requires actions from multiple stakeholders at different levels.
AUTOMATION IN CONSTRUCTION
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Kamoru A. Ibrahim, Gideon P. A. G. van Zijl, Adewumi J. Babafemi
Summary: Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) are popular and promising materials as partial replacements for cement in construction engineering. This study compares the rheology and hardened mechanical properties of fibre-reinforced printed concrete (FRPC) containing limestone calcined clay cement (LC3-FRPC) and fly ash (FA-FRPC). The results show that LC3-FRPC has better workability, open time, and buildability, but slightly lower mechanical properties compared to FA-FRPC. Overall, this study provides important insights for further research and application of SCMs in construction engineering.
JOURNAL OF BUILDING ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Jean De'M Malan, Algurnon Steve van Rooyen, Gideon P. A. G. van Zijl
Summary: The interlayer bond strength and durability properties of 3D printed concrete are found to be inferior to those of cast concrete, with a greater impact from the pass time. Cast samples have randomly distributed compact voids, while printed samples have interconnected pores in the interlayer regions. The results emphasize the importance of improving the interlayer bond in 3DCP.
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Keyu Zhu, Xitao Zheng, Jing Peng, Jiaming Sun, Ruilin Huang, Leilei Yan
Summary: This paper discusses the influence of multiple impacts on the compression strength of honeycomb sandwich structures with composite face sheets. It is found that the size of the impactor affects the turning point of the compression strength. Additionally, high impact energy leads to damage in the bottom face sheet and reduces the overall compression strength.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Danqian Wang, Yanfei Yue, Jueshi Qian
Summary: Magnesium Potassium Phosphate Cement (MKPC) as a binder for steel rebars shows improved corrosion resistance when subjected to carbonation, due to the increase in pH and the formation of a more protective oxide film.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Zhibin Li, Wenyu Wang, Pengcheng Xue, Xingyu Wei, Jian Xiong
Summary: This work proposes a design approach and manufacturing method for carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) corrugated sandwich truncated cones (CSTC) to improve their anti-debonding ability and ensure reliability. The study establishes theoretical models for CSTCs' stiffness and failure modes, which are verified through experiments and finite element analysis (FEA). The research reveals the effect of geometric parameters on failure modes and performs an optimal design for CSTC structures. The findings have significant implications for the design and application of lightweight CSTCs in constructions, such as launch vehicle adapters.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Mingyu Zhang, Lei Chu, Jiahua Chen, Fuxun Qi, Xiaoyan Li, Xinliang Chen, Deng-Guang Yu
Summary: This review summarizes the different structures and construction methods of fibrous membranes with asymmetric wettability. It also reviews the biological applications of these membranes and suggests future challenges.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
E. Mofakhami, L. Gervat, B. Fayolle, G. Miquelard-Garnier, C. Ovalle, L. Laiarinandrasana
Summary: This study investigates the effects of fibre concentration on the mechanical response of welded glass-fibre-reinforced polypropylene (GF-PP). Experimental observations reveal a significant reduction in weld ratio, up to 60%, indicating a decreased strength compared to the bulk material. Increasing fibre content in the welded material results in a decrease in stress at break and strain at the maximum stress. The use of DIC technique and X-ray microtomography further confirms the localized strain amplification in the welded zone due to the significant increase in fibre density.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Emad Pourahmadi, Farjad Shadmehri, Rajamohan Ganesan
Summary: This research compares the mechanical properties of laminates manufactured using automated fiber placement and conventional autoclave curing methods. The results show that laminates manufactured using automated fiber placement have a lower interlaminar shear strength compared to laminates reconsolidated using autoclave curing. A finite element simulation method is proposed to quantitatively analyze these differences.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Johnny Jakobsen, Benny Endelt, Fahimeh Shakibapour
Summary: This study proposes a new bolted/pinned joining method for composite applications, which improves load transfer by introducing a patch-type reinforcement. Experimental results demonstrate significant improvements in both static and fatigue load conditions compared to existing methods. Finite element simulations highlight the advantage of this method, as it creates a more efficient load-transferring mechanism through different stress distributions.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Gisele G. Cintra, Janine D. Vieira, Daniel C. T. Cardoso, Thomas Keller
Summary: This paper proposes a novel approach to assess multi-crack behavior in layered fiber-polymer composites. The generated Compliance and R-curves provide useful insights into understanding the multiple delamination process and allow for separate evaluation of strain energy release rate (SERR) for each crack. The developed cohesive zone model successfully simulates the failure process zone of three parallel cracks, showing good agreement between the numerical model and experimental results.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Renil Thomas Kidangan, Sreedhar Unnikrishnakurup, C. Krishnamurthy, Krishnan Balasubramaniam
Summary: The induction heating process can accurately identify fiber orientation and stacking order, making it a valuable tool for large-area inspection and quality control in manufacturing fiber-reinforced composites.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Sungjun Hwang, Yousoo Han, Douglas J. Gardner
Summary: Bleached Kraft pulp, unbleached Kraft pulp, and old corrugated cardboard pulp are suitable for producing cellulose nanofibril suspensions. Spray drying is a fast, simple, cost-effective, and scalable drying method. Spray-dried cellulose nanofibrils can be used as reinforcing materials in polypropylene matrices. The particle size of cellulose nanofibrils affects the material properties.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Mehdi Mahdavi, Abbas Zolfaghari
Summary: This study aims to improve the recovery forces of shape memory polymers (SMPs) through material extrusion additive manufacturing. By using glass fiber (GF) as reinforcement and manufacturing multi-layer composite specimens, it was found that PLA with 6.62% GF exhibited the best recovery force, which was further optimized through annealing heat treatment.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Review
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Xiang Ao, Antonio Vazquez-Lopez, Davide Mocerino, Carlos Gonzalez, De-Yi Wang
Summary: The vulnerability of natural fibers to heat and fire poses a significant challenge for their substitution of traditional fiber reinforcements in composite materials. Natural fiber/polymer composites (NFCs) are regarded as potential candidates for engineering applications due to their environmental friendliness and low-impact sourcing. Thus, appropriate approaches need to be implemented to enhance the fire safety of NFCs. This review summarizes and discusses the latest understanding of flammability and thermal properties of natural fibers, with a special focus on their interaction with polymer matrix in fire behavior. Additionally, the latest developments in flame-retardant approaches for NFCs are reviewed, covering both flame retardancy and fire structural integrity. Finally, future prospects and perspectives on fire safety of NFCs are proposed, providing insights into further advancements of NFCs.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Cheng Wang, Siqi Huo, Guofeng Ye, Bingtao Wang, Zhenghong Guo, Qi Zhang, Pingan Song, Hao Wang, Zhitian Liu
Summary: The demand for multifunctional, transparent epoxy resin with superior dielectric, mechanical, and fire-safety performances is increasing in modern industries. Researchers have developed an epoxidized, phosphaphenanthrene-containing poly(styrene butadiene styrene) (ESD) for advanced fire-safe epoxy resin, which maintains high transparency and improves UV-blocking property. The addition of 10 wt% ESD results in improved mechanical properties, decreased dielectric constant and loss, and outperformance compared to other fire-safe epoxy resins. This research provides an effective method for developing multifunctional flame-retardant epoxy resin.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Bo Pang, Heping Zheng, Zuquan Jin, Dongshuai Hou, Yunsheng Zhang, Xiaoyun Song, Yanan Sun, Zhiyong Liu, Wei She, Lin Yang, Mengyuan Li
Summary: This study develops an internal superhydrophobic material (ISM) using waste denitrification fly ash, which maintains stable hydrophobicity under harsh conditions of use and does not rely on expensive fluor-based surface modifications. The synthesized ISM has excellent matrix strength, strong waterproof properties, and retains superhydrophobicity even at damaged or friction interfaces.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Meirbek Mussatayev, Qiuji Yi, Mark Fitzgerald, Vincent K. Maes, Paul Wilcox, Robert Hughes
Summary: Real-time monitoring of carbon fibre composites during Automated Fibre Placement (AFP) manufacturing remains a challenge for non-destructive evaluation (NDE) techniques. This study designed a directional eddy-current (EC) probe to evaluate the detectability of out-of-plane wrinkles. Experimental evaluations and finite element modeling were conducted to better understand the relationship between eddy-current density and defect detection. The findings suggest that the probe configuration with an asymmetric driver coil and differential pickup coils shows the best capability for wrinkle detection.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
