Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Adam C. Sedgwick, James T. Brewster, Tianhong Wu, Xing Feng, Steven D. Bull, Xuhong Qian, Jonathan L. Sessler, Tony D. James, Eric V. Anslyn, Xiaolong Sun
Summary: Indicator displacement assays (IDAs) offer a unique and innovative approach to molecular sensing, with advantages including low cost, high sensitivity, and high-throughput automation analysis. IDAs can facilitate the detection of a range of biologically/environmentally important species, provide a method for the detection of complex analytes or for the determination and discrimination of unknown sample mixtures. The simplicity and versatility of IDAs have led to their widespread use in molecular sensing, alongside other common approaches such as reaction-based sensors and chemosensors.
CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS
(2021)
Review
Mathematics
Peter Brusov, Tatiana Filatova
Summary: The purpose of this review is to analyze all existing theories of capital structure and understand the problem comprehensively for making correct management decisions. The role of capital structure is to determine the optimal structure for maximizing company's capitalization and long-term goals. The review examines the development of capital structure theories, focuses on Modigliani-Miller and Brusov-Filatova-Orekhova theories along with their modifications, and discusses the latest stage of adapting these theories to practical company functions. It is noted that considering real conditions of companies' operations brings the theories closer, making the Modigliani-Miller theory more applicable, although it is only true for perpetual companies, while the BFO theory is valid for companies of any age and they never coincide.
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Ke Li, Craig M. Crews
Summary: PROTACs are a type of molecules with novel event-driven mechanism, offering multiple advantages over traditional inhibitors, such as catalytic nature and targeted protein degradation, which may lead to improved therapeutic outcomes with reduced toxicity. However, further research and development efforts are needed to fully explore their potential.
CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS
(2022)
Article
Psychology, Multidisciplinary
Andreas Hinz, Michael Friedrich, Tobias Luck, Steffi G. Riedel-Heller, Anja Mehnert-Theuerkauf, Katja Petrowski
Summary: Multiple studies have shown that individuals who have experienced health problems tend to overrate their past health status. This study finds that this phenomenon is not limited to patients, but also exists in the general population. Additionally, habitual optimism is closely related to people's expectations of future health.
FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Joseph Rich, Zhenhua Tian, Tony Jun Huang
Summary: The research in intracellular delivery technologies has surged with the advancement in cell-based therapies and reprogramming. Physical cell membrane permeabilization techniques, especially sonoporation, show promise in delivering functional cargos to various cells, but bubble-based methods may have limitations such as requiring contrast agents and potential damage to cell components. Development of non-bubble-based sonoporation mechanisms aims to overcome these limitations and improve intracellular delivery efficiency.
ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES
(2022)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Wentao Jiang, Ziyu Wu, Zheng Gao, Mimi Wan, Min Zhou, Chun Mao, Jian Shen
Summary: Artificial cells are constructed to imitate natural cells and can be used for studying biological processes and the origin of life. They can be endowed with various functions through the incorporation of proteins and genes, and have great potential in therapeutic applications.
Review
Chemistry, Medicinal
Yasuhiro Nishida, Pernilla Christina Berg, Behnaz Shakersain, Karen Hecht, Akiko Takikawa, Ruohan Tao, Yumeka Kakuta, Chiasa Uragami, Hideki Hashimoto, Norihiko Misawa, Takashi Maoka
Summary: This review article provides a comprehensive exploration of the history, chemical and physical attributes, distribution, and biosynthesis of astaxanthin (AX). It also delves into the health benefits, biofunctional characteristics, and market status of AX, aiming to provide a robust foundation for future scientific endeavors addressing societal needs for sustainable nutritional and medicinal solutions.
Review
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Mia Karam, Georges Daoud
Summary: mRNA vaccines have emerged as promising alternative platforms to conventional vaccines with advantages such as easy production, low cost, high safety profile, and potent effectiveness, especially during pandemics. Recent advancements in nanotechnology have enhanced mRNA stability and delivery through novel delivery systems such as lipid nanoparticles. Studies have shown the advantages of adopting mRNA vaccines for viral diseases and cancer in animal and human studies. Self-amplifying mRNA is considered the next generation of mRNA vaccines.
ASIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
(2022)
Review
Plant Sciences
Ian Max Moller, Allan G. Rasmusson, Olivier Van Aken
Summary: The study of plant mitochondria began in the 1950s, focusing on establishing basic properties and unique characteristics compared to mammalian mitochondria. With advancements in molecular biology and genomics, further unique features were discovered, including the large size of plant mtDNA, unique mRNA maturation process, and a large proteome with many unique proteins.
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Xiaozhou Ma, Jelco Albertsma, Dieke Gabriels, Rens Horst, Sevgi Polat, Casper Snoeks, Freek Kapteijn, Huseyin Burak Eral, David A. A. Vermaas, Bastian Mei, Sissi de Beer, Monique Ann van der Veen
Summary: Large amounts of carbon monoxide are produced through industrial processes, but separating carbon monoxide from other gases is challenging due to their similar physical properties. However, carbon monoxide is valuable in the production of chemicals and hydrocarbons, making the development of efficient CO separation processes important for both industry and the environment.
CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS
(2023)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Yungyeong Lee, Cyrille Boyer, Min Sang Kwon
Summary: In this review, the history, progress, and applications of photocontrolled reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization are briefly summarized. The challenges of this technique, including photoinduced electron/energy transfer-RAFT (PET-RAFT), photoiniferter, and photomediated cationic RAFT polymerization, are discussed. Visible-light-driven RAFT polymerization has gained significant attention due to its low energy consumption and safe reaction procedure, and the use of visible-light photocatalysis offers additional benefits such as spatiotemporal control and oxygen tolerance. However, a comprehensive understanding of the reaction mechanism is still lacking. Recent efforts combining quantum chemical calculations and experimental evidence have been made to elucidate the polymerization mechanisms. This review provides insights for the better design of polymerization systems and explores the full potential of photocontrolled RAFT polymerization in both academic and industrial applications.
CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS
(2023)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Xinxin Wu, Zhigang Ma, Tingting Feng, Chen Zhu
Summary: Rearrangement reactions are crucial in organic chemistry, improving synthetic efficiency and molecular complexity. Ionic rearrangement reactions and radical-mediated rearrangements are the focus of research, with new radical rearrangements revealing migratory behavior of functional groups.
CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS
(2021)
Article
Neurosciences
Marcela Lipovsek, Cedric Bardy, Cathryn R. Cadwell, Kristen Hadley, Dmitry Kobak, Shreejoy J. Tripathy
Summary: Patch-seq is a revolutionary technique in neuroscience that integrates morphology, physiology, and gene expression data to study neuronal biology comprehensively. It enables targeted study of specific neuronal populations, compilation of multimodal cell type atlases, and investigation of the molecular basis of morphologic and functional diversity. This technique has the potential for further technical development and implementation in various research areas to directly link gene expression to brain function.
JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE
(2021)
Review
Physics, Particles & Fields
Nathaniel Craig
Summary: This article assesses the state of naturalness in high-energy physics and summarizes recent approaches to the three major naturalness problems: the cosmological constant problem, the electroweak hierarchy problem, and the strong CP problem.
EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL C
(2023)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Ludan Yue, Xueyang Zhang, Chenchen Zhao, Rongchang Chen, Xiaoyuan Chen, Lang Rao
Summary: Inhaled drug delivery is an emerging route for the treatment of lung diseases, with advantages over oral and intravenous routes. However, there are physiological barriers that affect delivery efficacy in the respiratory tract. This review provides an overview of inhaled drug delivery methods, highlighting non-invasive strategies for treating lung diseases.
Article
Chemistry, Organic
Bijay Shrestha, Brennan T. Rose, Casey L. Olen, Aaron Roth, Adon C. Kwong, Yang Wang, Scott E. Denmark
Summary: A general procedure for asymmetric synthesis of highly substituted 1,2-amino alcohols has been described, utilizing organometallic additions as the key step. Diastereoselectivity in these reactions significantly depends on the nucleophile and electrophile involved. The resulting amino alcohols are further used to synthesize stereochemically diverse polysubstituted 2,2'-methylene(bisoxazoline) ligands in high yields.
JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
(2021)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
N. Ian Rinehart, Andrew F. Zahrt, Jeremy J. Henle, Scott E. Denmark
Summary: The design of catalysts in enantioselective catalysis is traditionally based on empirical methods. This study introduces a more quantitative approach by defining a library of catalyst permutations, using 3D representations and statistical learning tools to predict catalyst function and optimize catalyst performance. Through iterative experimental testing and refinement of statistical models, a systematic workflow for catalyst design and optimization is established for various reactions within a given chemical space.
ACCOUNTS OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Organic
Andrew F. Zahrt, N. Ian Rinehart, Scott E. Denmark
Summary: This study developed and applied a new steric descriptor for generating models that relate catalyst performance to catalyst structure in enantioselective transformations, demonstrating its generality and interpretability across different reactions. The low dimensionality and ability to capture conformational effects make it well-suited for creating Quantitative Structure-Selectivity Relationships with smaller datasets of asymmetric reactions.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
N. Ian Rinehart, Andrew F. Zahrt, Scott E. Denmark
Summary: Traditional catalyst optimization methods are limited and inefficient, so we have developed an informatics-guided workflow utilizing artificial intelligence and machine learning to accelerate catalyst discovery and optimization, as well as to identify high-performing catalysts.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Vincent M. Kassel, Christopher M. Hanneman, Connor P. Delaney, Scott E. Denmark
Summary: Reaction conditions have been developed for refractory heteroaryl-heteroaryl Suzuki-Miyaura cross-couplings using neopentyl heteroarylboronic esters, heteroaryl bromides and chlorides, and potassium trimethylsilanolate (TMSOK) under anhydrous conditions. The addition of trimethyl borate enhances reaction rates by several mechanisms, enabling cross-coupling of diverse reaction partners in good yields and short reaction times.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Emily M. Mumford, Brett N. Hemric, Scott E. Denmark
Summary: This study reports a method for the chemo-, regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselective oxyamination of alkenes using selenium(II/IV) catalysis with a chiral diselenide catalyst. The reaction demonstrates good yields and excellent enantio- and diastereoselectivity for a variety of alkenes and different functional groups. The use of N-tosylamides to generate oxazoline products allows for the assembly of chiral ligands and various protected amino alcohols in an expedited manner.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Katrina W. Lexa, Kevin M. Belyk, Jeremy Henle, Bangping Xiang, Robert P. Sheridan, Scott E. Denmark, Rebecca T. Ruck, Edward C. Sherer
Summary: Molecular design benefits from the partnership between chemical intuition and machine learning. In this study, different methods for modeling a catalyst system were investigated, and it was found that the 2D random forest approach outperformed other methods. With the passage of time, the model performance improved, and a high-throughput approach was crucial for large-scale optimization.
ORGANIC PROCESS RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Connor P. Delaney, Daniel P. Marron, Alexander S. Shved, Richard N. Zare, Robert M. Waymouth, Scott E. Denmark
Summary: Previous studies have shown that the critical transmetalation step in the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling occurs through the oxo-palladium pathway. However, this study demonstrates that the reaction can proceed through the boronate pathway when potassium trimethylsilanolate is used as a promoter. Additionally, a novel binuclear palladium complex was discovered and its role in the catalytic cycle was confirmed.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Anastassia Matviitsuk, Jesse Lee Panger, Scott E. Denmark
Summary: This study reports a chiral selective method for the sulfenofunctionalization of cyclic and (Z)-alkenes, correcting previous findings through experimental results and demonstrating the different behavior of (Z)-alkenes compared to their more established (E)-counterparts.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Andrew F. Zahrt, Yiming Mo, Kakasaheb Y. Nandiwale, Ron Shprints, Esther Heid, Klavs F. Jensen
Summary: This study accelerates the exploration of emerging areas of organic chemistry by using machine learning to predict competent electrochemical reactions. By developing a molecular representation and conducting automated experimentation, the study identifies a number of interesting reactions of synthetic or mechanistic interest.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Brennan T. Rose, Jacob C. Timmerman, Seth A. Bawel, Steven Chin, Haiming Zhang, Scott E. Denmark
Summary: The atropselective iodination of 2-amino-6-arylpyridines catalyzed by chiral disulfonimides is achieved using a curated training set of catalysts obtained through a chemoinformatic workflow. Data fusion techniques are employed to predict catalyst performance when linear regression analysis fails. A privileged class of alkynyl-DSI catalysts is identified, demonstrating high stereoselectivity and generality in the iodination of various 2-amino-6-arylpyridines. Preparative-scale demonstrations show the utility of this reaction with high enantioselectivity and good chemical yield.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
N. Ian Rinehart, Rakesh K. Saunthwal, Joel Wellauer, Andrew F. Zahrt, Lukas Schlemper, Alexander S. Shved, Raphael Bigler, Serena Fantasia, Scott E. Denmark
Summary: This study presents a machine-learning tool that accelerates the identification of reaction conditions for palladium-catalyzed carbon-nitrogen couplings. The tool actively learns a large scope of reactions through a systematic experimental design process and demonstrates good performance in predicting new substrate pairings.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Kakasaheb Y. Nandiwale, Travis Hart, Andrew F. Zahrt, Anirudh M. K. Nambiar, Prajwal T. Mahesh, Yiming Mo, Maria Jose Nieves-Remacha, Martin D. Johnson, Pablo Garcia-Losada, Carlos Mateos, Juan A. Rincon, Klavs F. Jensen
Summary: Continuous manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals has many advantages, but handling solids in the process is challenging. This study presents a continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) cascade with LED array for optimization. The experiments demonstrate the application of autonomous optimization in several important catalytic reactions.
REACTION CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Andrew F. Zahrt, Brennan T. Rose, William T. Darrow, Jeremy J. Henle, Scott E. Denmark
Summary: This study examines the application of machine learning in homogeneous catalysis and methods for optimizing catalysts. It compares different approaches for training set selection and assessment of prediction confidence, while demonstrating the generality of ASO and AEIF descriptors in transition metal catalysts.
REACTION CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING
(2021)