Long non-coding RNAs and nuclear factor-kappa B crosstalk in cancer and other human diseases

The regulation of the pleiotropic transcription factor, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) by miRNAs and proteins is extensively studied. More recently, the NF-kappa B signaling was also reported to be regulated by several long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) that constitute the major portion of the noncoding component of the human genome. The common NF-kappa B associated lncRNAs include NKILA, HOTAIR, MALAT1, ANRIL, Lethe, MIR31HG, and PACER. The lncRNA and NF-kappa B signaling crosstalk during cancer and other diseases such as cardiomyopathy, celiac disease, cerebral infarction, chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, Kawasaki disease, pregnancy loss, and rheumatoid arthritis. Some NE-kappa B related lncRNAs can affect gene expression without modulating NE-kappa B signaling. Most of the lncRNAs with a potential to modulate NF-kappa B signaling are regulated by NF-kappa B itself suggesting a feedback regulation. The discovery of lncRNAs have provided a new type of regulation for the NF kappa B signaling and thus could be explored for therapeutic interventions. The manner in which LncRNA and NF-kappa B crosstalk affects human pathophysiology is discussed in this review. The challenges associated with the therapeutic interventions of this crosstalk are also discussed.