Review
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Nicole Lafontaine, Scott G. Wilson, John P. Walsh
Summary: This review summarizes the current understanding of DNA methylation (DNAm) in autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), highlighting differential DNAm in several genes implicated in AITD. However, further replication and functional studies are needed to support the causal roles of these differential DNAm in AITD pathogenesis. Additionally, the influence of thyroid hormones on DNAm and the confounding effects of reverse causation need to be considered. Recent studies suggest a potential mechanism for the association between iodine and AITD through differential DNAm patterns in candidate genes. The research focus is shifting towards epigenome-wide studies to elucidate the role of DNAm in AITD and identify diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic targets.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM
(2023)
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Cheuk Wun Li, Roman Osman, Francesca Menconi, Hanxi Hou, Clyde Schechter, Aizhan Kozhakhmetova, Yaron Tomer
Summary: This study designed two retro-inverso D-amino acid peptides, RT-15 and VT-15, to block the binding of thyroglobulin peptides to HLA-DR beta 1-Arg74, reducing T cell activation and providing new strategies for the treatment of AITD.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Nadia Sawicka-Gutaj, Dawid Gruszczynski, Natalia Zawalna, Kacper Nijakowski, Ilaria Muller, Tomasz Karpinski, Mario Salvi, Marek Ruchala
Summary: This systematic review revealed significant alterations in the diversity and composition of intestinal microbiota in both GD and HT patients, with HT patients showing higher diversity indices and GD patients showing lower values. Thyroid peroxidase antibodies showed significant correlations between bacterial levels and thyroid functional parameters.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2022)
Review
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Dania Akeil Abed Alkader, Naweedullah Asadi, Uzma Solangi, Ransherjit Singh, Sayed Farhad Rasuli, Muhammad Jawad Farooq, F. N. U. Raheela, Radeyah Waseem, Syed Mujahid Gilani, Kiran Abbas, Moiz Ahmed, Desmond Boakye Tanoh, Hussain Haider Shah, Ayusha Dulal, Muhammad Sheheryar Hussain, Abdul Subhan Talpur
Summary: There is a significant difference in the diversity and composition of the gut microbiota in patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs).
FRONTIERS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Immunology
Junli Zou, Huiyong Peng, Yingzhao Liu
Summary: Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles released from cells that contain various bioactive molecules and play a crucial role in cell-to-cell communication. Studies have shown that exosomes are involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid diseases, but further exploration is still needed.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Maria Pina Dore, Giuseppe Fanciulli, Alessandra Manca, Giovanni Mario Pes
Summary: This study investigated the relationship between thyroid diseases (TDs) and Helicobacter pylori infection. The results showed that long-lasting H. pylori infection was significantly associated with autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD), but not with non-autoimmune TD.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Xi Jia, Tianyu Zhai, Jin-an Zhang
Summary: This study found that in patients with GD, 11 proteins were upregulated and 197 proteins were downregulated, while in patients with HT, proteins such as HGFL, FAK1, and PTN12 were significantly upregulated, with PSMF1, PXL2B, and CYTM being the most downregulated. These differential proteins were mainly enriched in the immune system and metabolic system, indicating that plasma exosomes may play an important role in systemic immune imbalance in AITDs.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Silvia Martina Ferrari, Sabrina Rosaria Paparo, Francesca Ragusa, Giusy Elia, Valeria Mazzi, Armando Patrizio, Marco Ghionzoli, Gilda Varricchi, Marco Centanni, Salvatore Ulisse, Alessandro Antonelli, Poupak Fallahi
Summary: The chemokine receptor CXCR3 and its chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 play a role in the development of autoimmune diseases. Th1 lymphocytes are attracted by Th1 chemokines released by damaged cells. Inflammation leads to the release of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha by Th1 lymphocytes, which further stimulates the secretion of Th1 chemokines, creating an amplification feedback loop. Autoimmune thyroid disorders (AITD), including Graves' disease (GD) and autoimmune thyroiditis, are the most common autoimmune diseases characterized by thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism. In AITD, there is a shift from Th1 immune response to Th2 immune response. The importance of chemokines in thyroid autoimmunity suggests that CXCR3 receptor and its chemokines could be potential targets for novel drugs.
BEST PRACTICE & RESEARCH CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM
(2023)
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Zhiyong Wu, Yu Zhu, Min Zhang, Chen Wang, Lingli Zhou, Wei Liu, Wenjia Yang, Meng Li, Simin Zhang, Qian Ren, Xueyao Han, Linong Ji
Summary: This study found that TRAb and FT3/TSH ratio are important indicators for distinguishing GD from AIT, with high sensitivity and specificity. The FT3/TSH ratio combined with TRAb can be a new diagnostic index for thyrotoxicosis.
FRONTIERS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Rebeca Martinez-Hernandez, Monica Marazuela
Summary: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. They have emerged as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) due to their regulatory role in a wide range of biological phenomena. Understanding the role of miRNAs could lead to the identification of susceptibility pathways, diagnostic biomarkers, and therapeutic targets for AITD.
BEST PRACTICE & RESEARCH CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM
(2023)
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Barbara Swiechowicz, Anna Kasielska-Trojan, John T. Manning, Boguslaw Antoszewski
Summary: Hashimoto thyroiditis and Graves' disease are autoimmune thyroid diseases that occur more frequently in women. The 2D:4D digit ratio may be associated with prenatal estrogen and testosterone levels. In women, higher 2D:4D is found in those with Hashimoto thyroiditis, while lower 2D:4D is found in those with Graves' disease.
FRONTIERS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Pablo Sacristan-Gomez, Ana Serrano-Somavilla, Roberto Gonzalez-Amaro, Rebeca Martinez-Hernandez, Monica Marazuela
Summary: This study investigated the expression levels of HDACs and Tip60 HAT in the thyroid gland and immune cells of patients with AITD. The findings showed a significant increase in HDAC9 expression in AITD patients, while Tip60 expression was reduced in patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Pablo Sacristan-Gomez, Ana Serrano-Somavilla, Lia Castro-Espadas, Nuria Sanchez de la Blanca Carrero, Miguel Sampedro-Nunez, Jose Luis Munoz-De-Nova, Francisca Molina-Jimenez, Alejandra Rosell, Monica Marazuela, Rebeca Martinez-Hernandez
Summary: A state of chronic inflammation is common in autoimmune disorders like autoimmune thyroid diseases. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) plays a role in immunosuppression at the initial stages but contributes to fibrosis and mesenchymal transition at chronic stages. Primary cilia (PC) deficiencies can trigger epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and worsen autoimmune diseases.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Review
Nutrition & Dietetics
Marianna Minnetti, Valentina Sada, Tiziana Feola, Elisa Giannetta, Carlotta Pozza, Daniele Gianfrilli, Andrea M. Isidori, Alessia Cozzolino
Summary: Selenium is an essential trace element that plays a crucial role in thyroid metabolism and the immune system. Supplementing with selenium may improve inflammation in patients with thyroiditis and potentially affect thyroid function during pregnancy. However, further research is needed to confirm the effectiveness of selenium supplementation in pregnant women with thyroiditis.
Article
Immunology
Tiantian Cai, Peng Du, Lixia Suo, Xiaozhen Jiang, Qiu Qin, Ronghua Song, Xiaorong Yang, Yanfei Jiang, Jin-an Zhang
Summary: This study found that hyperpolarization of M1-type macrophages is closely related to the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD). High iodine can affect macrophage polarization and mediate it through the metabolic gene HK3.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
