Review
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Aliaksandr Novikau, Jahja Muhasilovic
Summary: Despite its limited domestic energy resources, Turkey plays a significant role in global energy geopolitics due to its strategic geographical location. It serves as a crucial transit route for energy exports and imports, especially natural gas, and has ambitions to become a regional energy trade hub to enhance its influence on the regional and global stage.
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Pei Yong, Yi Wang, Tomislav Capuder, Zhenfei Tan, Ning Zhang, Chongqing Kang
Summary: This paper emphasizes the importance of assessing and comparing load carrying capability in multi-energy systems (MES) and proposes the concept of the energy hub (EH) security region to depict the system's load carrying capability. By identifying critical components and proposing evaluation indices, improvements in system planning and load carrying capability can be achieved.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL POWER & ENERGY SYSTEMS
(2021)
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Zifa Liu, Mingquan Zeng, Hanze Zhou, Jianyu Gao
Summary: The ZPM method utilizes the energy hub model and directed acyclic graph concept to effectively plan the structure and equipment configuration of regional integrated energy systems, improving the solution speed of the planning model.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Feifei Zhang, Yueqiang Wang, Dong Huang, Nihui Lu, Mintao Jiang, Qi Wang, Yongheng Luo, Fei Jiang
Summary: In the context of global energy transition, integrated regional energy systems containing renewable energy sources play an important role. Researchers have proposed a regional model and optimal control method based on the region concept to improve energy utilization efficiency and ensure the safe and reliable operation of energy systems.
FRONTIERS IN ENERGY RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Zhilin Lyu, Quan Liu, Bin Liu, Lijun Zheng, Jiaqi Yi, Yongfa Lai
Summary: This paper proposes an optimal dispatching scheme for the Regional Integrated Energy System Group (RIESG) that combines power-to-gas (P2G) technology and inter-park electric energy mutual aid. It aims to solve the waste of resources and frequent interactions between parks caused by different renewable energy resources and energy demands. Simulation results show that the proposed strategy achieves mutual benefit of electric energy among park groups, reduces dependency on the large power grid, and effectively improves the economy of system groups.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yiyang Qiao, Fan Hu, Wen Xiong, Yajun Li
Summary: This paper proposes a configuration optimization method of IES based on EH, which can achieve economic, efficient, and environmentally friendly operation of the system. The concept of EH is adopted to model energy devices separately, and the innovative and extended EH is proposed to study the coupling characteristics of multiple energy flows. EH-based operation configuration model and combination model of gas turbines are established to optimize the installed capacity and combination, ensuring that the gas turbines can flexibly adapt to the diversified energy demand.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Muhammad Faizan Tahir, Chen Haoyong, Han Guangze
Summary: Efficient energy deployment, reduction of fossil fuel sources, and integration of Intermittent Renewable Energy Sources (IRES) are core goals for power system operators. Integrated Energy System (IES) is a promising solution to improve performance by coupling various energy carriers, but current energy system modelling criteria neglect energy quality. Considering exergy efficiency along with energy quantity is important for accurate assessment.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Tao Jiang, Rufeng Zhang, Xue Li, Houhe Chen, Guoqing Li
Summary: This paper discusses the concept of security regions (SR) in integrated energy systems (IES), develops optimization models to explore SR boundaries, proposes a piecewise approximation method to represent SRBs in a multi-dimensional space with a minimum set of hyperplanes, and explores potential implementations of SR for security assessment and optimal control in the IES.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Pitak Ngammuangtueng, Pariyapat Nilsalab, Yutthana Chomwong, Patipat Wongruang, Napat Jakrawatana, Suwin Sandhu, Shabbir H. Gheewala
Summary: Policies on bioeconomy support sustainability using renewable resources, but may lead to biomass feedstock shortages due to limited resources and climate change impact. The study demonstrates the water, energy, and food resource nexus in a bioeconomy-based complex, and suggests the importance of technological development for water acquisition, energy efficiency, and renewable energy usage. Climate change will significantly affect rainfall characteristics, requiring additional irrigation to secure sugarcane supply.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Jamal Faraji, Hamed Hashemi-Dezaki, Abbas Ketabi
Summary: This paper introduces a new stochastic optimization method considering different configurations of energy hubs and uncertainties of distributed renewable energy sources. Comparisons with existing deterministic and probabilistic methods show the advantages of the proposed method, highlighting the potential inaccuracies that could occur due to disregarding different configurations.
SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY
(2021)
Article
Thermodynamics
Leyla Bashiri Khouzestani, Mohammad Kazem Sheikh-El-Eslami, Amir Hosein Salemi, Iman Gerami Moghaddam
Summary: This study introduces a novel unit called virtual smart energy hub (VSEH), which combines smart energy grids, smart energy hubs (SEHs), and virtual power plants (VPPs) to take advantage of SEHs and VPPs on a smart-energy-grid platform. A comprehensive two-stage model is proposed to solve the VSEH optimal operation problem in day-ahead and intraday heat and power markets. The model is risk-based and uses the conditional value at risk (CVaR) index to represent risk in the scheduling.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Chengzhou Li, Ningling Wang, Zhuo Wang, Xiaoxiao Dou, Yumeng Zhang, Zhiping Yang, Francois Marechal, Ligang Wang, Yongping Yang
Summary: The design of user-level integrated energy systems is a complex task that involves various challenges such as energy converter combinations, multiple energy flow utilization, and source-load matching. In this paper, an optimal energy hub based planning framework is proposed to address these challenges by considering synergistic effects and uncertainties.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Dawei Qiu, Zihang Dong, Xi Zhang, Yi Wang, Goran Strbac
Summary: This paper proposes a model-free safe deep reinforcement learning method for optimal control of a renewable-based energy hub. It demonstrates superior performance in reducing energy cost, carbon emission, and computational time compared to state-of-the-art deep reinforcement learning and optimization-based approaches, through training and testing on a real-world dataset.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Heng Chen, Zhi Yang, Cheng Peng, Kai Qi
Summary: This study develops a novel modeling approach based on grey prediction model and cloud model to predict and analyze energy consumption and energy security in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region. The ONMGM (1,1) model demonstrates the best prediction capability with reduced errors. The findings indicate a significant increase in energy consumption in Jiangsu Province, while Shanghai has lower total energy consumption. Moreover, the overall risk level of energy security is expected to rise sharply, and traditional energy security plays a vital role in the overall energy security of the YRD region.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2022)
Article
Oceanography
Johnson Corey, Qian Wang, Jianfeng Zheng, Yulong Sun, Haoming Du, Zhihong Zhu
Summary: This paper investigates the container transshipment problem in the Caribbean Sea region and discusses the location of a regional hub port and the allocation of feeder ports. Analysis suggests that Jamaica or Bahamas is the optimal choice for a regional hub port in this region.
OCEAN & COASTAL MANAGEMENT
(2022)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Yunfei Mu, Yaqing Zhang, Hongjie Jia, Xiaodan Yu, Jiarui Zhang, Xiaolong Jin, Youjun Deng
Summary: This paper proposes a time-varying building VES model (TVES) to quantify the scheduling flexibility of a building envelope and develops a constrained optimal scheduling strategy to reduce electricity costs and ensure thermal comfort for users.
IET RENEWABLE POWER GENERATION
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Xiangke Li, Minghao Wang, Chaoyu Dong, Wentao Jiang, Zhao Xu, Xiaohua Wu, Hongjie Jia
Summary: This paper proposes a robust autonomous sliding mode control scheme for achieving a globally stable and decentralized power sharing operation in DC microgrids. The control scheme eliminates disturbances and achieves proportional power sharing among paralleled units and precise voltage regulation.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Tao Zhang, Xiaodan Yu, Yunfei Mu, Hongjie Jia, Kai Hou, Xiaolong Jin
Summary: Soft open points connected to distribution networks are important for improving operational performance during outage periods. This paper proposes a multiple-source distribution service restoration strategy that considers soft open points and utilizes distributed energy resources and their flexibility to enhance load restoration and mitigate voltage deviations. The strategy adopts a chance-constrained method to deal with uncertainties and formulates the problem as a mixed-integer linear programming. A two-stage accelerated algorithm is proposed to reduce computational complexity. Case studies demonstrate the effectiveness of the strategy and the feasibility of the algorithm in reducing computation time.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Zibo Wang, Lei Dong, Mengjie Shi, Ji Qiao, Hongjie Jia, Yunfei Mu, Tianjiao Pu
Summary: This paper proposes a market power modeling and restraint method for aggregated prosumers in a P2P energy trading market. The competition between the aggregator and individual prosumers is modeled as a non-cooperative game, and the impacts of market power on price formation, trading profit, and overall benefit are analyzed. Results show that the involvement of a tentative offers penalty can restrict the market power perception ability of the aggregator and further restrain the impact of market power on the benefit of the market.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yunfei Mu, Yanze Xu, Jiarui Zhang, Zeqing Wu, Hongjie Jia, Xiaolong Jin, Yan Qi
Summary: The virtual energy storage system (VESS) integrates building envelope thermal storage with the electric and heat power conversion of an air conditioner, providing adjustable potentials similar to conventional battery energy storage systems (BESSs). However, uncertainties in outdoor temperature and solar irradiance affect the accuracy of VESS quantification and challenge the economy and thermal comfort of building energy systems (BESs). To address this issue, a data-driven rolling optimization (RO) control approach for a BES with VESS integration is proposed, using a support vector machine (SVM) to correct quantification errors and enhance economical operation and thermal comfort. Comparative simulations validate the effectiveness of this approach.
Article
Automation & Control Systems
Qian Xiao, Hongjie Jia, Yi Tang, Yu Jin, Yunfei Mu, Remus Teodorescu, Frede Blaabjerg
Summary: A dual-layer modulated model predictive control scheme is proposed to achieve fast dynamics and fixed switching frequency for the cascaded H-bridge converter. The scheme reduces the number of evaluated control options for output current prediction by considering each phase cluster as a whole and selecting optimal vectors. Adaptive zero-sequence voltage is injected based on predicted cluster voltage differences to improve cluster voltage balancing speed. The proposed scheme avoids complicated weighting factor design and achieves fixed switching frequency through pulsewidth modulation.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS
(2023)
Article
Automation & Control Systems
Qian Xiao, Yu Jin, Josep Pou, Hongjie Jia, Yunfei Mu, Remus Teodorescu, Frede Blaabjerg
Summary: This article proposes a space-vector-equalized predictive current control scheme for the three-phase modular multilevel converter (MMC) to address the challenges of control options and steady-state tracking errors. By considering each arm of the MMC as a whole, the evaluated control options can be significantly reduced. Optimal vectors are selected and their dwell times are calculated based on the predicted output currents. Compensation terms are added to improve the steady-state performance. Experimental results demonstrate fast dynamic response and excellent steady-state performance for the three-phase MMC.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Kecheng He, Hongjie Jia, Yunfei Mu, Xiaodan Yu, Xiaohong Dong, Youjun Deng
Summary: This paper proposes a bilevel planning framework for coordinating truck mobile chargers (TMCs) and fixed chargers (FCs) on highways to enhance charging flexibility for electric vehicle (EV) users. A collaborative location optimization (CLO) approach is developed to determine optimal charging station locations, while a collaborative capacity optimization (CCO) approach optimizes the capacity of TMCs and FCs. The framework employs various techniques, such as origin-destination analysis, Floyd algorithm, and Monte Carlo simulation, to generate charging demand distribution, and utilizes the improved income approach (IIA) to capture heterogeneity in EV users' charging behavior. The proposed framework and method are demonstrated to be effective through numerical study.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
(2023)
Review
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Qian Xiao, Yu Jin, Hongjie Jia, Yi Tang, Allan Fagner Cupertino, Yunfei Mu, Remus Teodorescu, Frede Blaabjerg, Josep Pou
Summary: This article provides a comprehensive review of fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control methods for MMC under submodule failures. A comparison of different fault diagnosis methods is conducted and verification results are provided to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of popular fault-tolerant control methods. The review concludes with a discussion of future trends and research opportunities.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Xiangke Li, Minghao Wang, Chaoyu Dong, Wentao Jiang, Zhao Xu, Xiaohua Wu, Hongjie Jia
Summary: The paper introduces paralleled BILCs for HMG, which provide a flexible and reliable power interaction between ac and dc subgrids with high power density. A DUC is proposed to achieve resilience reinforcement and global economic operation. The economic droop controls f(ac) - lambda(ac) and v(dc) - lambda(dc) are employed for ac DGs and dc DGs to decrease generation expenses, while coordinating the normalized ac subgrid's frequency and dc subgrid's voltage for economic power interaction.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Jiebei Zhu, Zhipeng Shen, Lujie Yu, Siqi Bu, Xialin Li, Chi Yung Chung, Campbell D. Booth, Hongjie Jia, Chengshan Wang
Summary: This paper proposes a novel bilateral inertia and damping emulation (BIDE) control scheme for VSC-HVDC transmission systems, which can provide autonomous inertial and damping responses to interconnected asynchronous AC grids. The proposed approach is communication-free and utilizes locally measured variables to obtain essential information for inertia and damping emulation. Modal analysis is conducted to investigate the impacts of BIDE-emulated inertia and damping on system stability, and controller hardware-in-the-loop experiments are used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Guihong Zhang, Junzhi Ren, Yuan Zeng, Fei Liu, Shibin Wang, Hongjie Jia
Summary: With the increase in renewable energy and DC transmission, synchronous generators in power grids are being replaced, causing a reduction in inertia, which affects the frequency stability of the grid. This study introduces the concept of virtual inertia and proposes an evaluation method for power grids with high-penetration electronic devices. A minimum inertia estimation method considering fast frequency response is also proposed, and the effectiveness of the model is demonstrated through a case study based on the South-East Australian system.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL POWER & ENERGY SYSTEMS
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Qiulin Wang, Xiandong Xu, Hongjie Jia
Summary: This research proposes a novel method to evaluate the dispatchable boundaries of the energy supply system in steel plants. By developing a multi-energy system model and using an adaptive robust optimization framework, the method considers the uncertainty of the steam load and electric load. The testing results show that the energy supply system can effectively dispatch the power generation capacity, but is constrained by the fuel supply rate and ramp rate of the boiler.
Article
Energy & Fuels
He Meng, Hongjie Jia, Tao Xu, Wei Wei, Xiaoyu Wang
Summary: The urgency of energy transition requires the rapid development of renewable energy and improvement of system efficiencies. However, the unpredictable nature of excessive renewable energy poses challenges to stable and efficient power system operation. Battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are crucial in mitigating random fluctuations and optimizing green energy usage. Additionally, an AC/DC hybrid distribution system can combine the benefits of both AC and DC subsystems without incurring additional losses during power conversion. This paper presents a bi-level optimization model for allocating BESS capacity in AC/DC hybrid distribution systems, considering the flexibility of voltage source converters and power conversion systems. Case studies and simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of this model in suppressing voltage fluctuations and improving the cost-benefit analysis of BESSs from a life cycle perspective.
CSEE JOURNAL OF POWER AND ENERGY SYSTEMS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Xiaoyu Wang, Hongjie Jia, Zibo Wang, Xiaolong Jin, Youjun Deng, Yunfei Mu, Xiaodan Yu
Summary: This paper investigates the application of building thermal energy storage in Peer-to-Peer (P2P) energy trading and proposes a time-varying virtual energy storage system (T-VESS) model to quantify the flexibility of a building. A real-time P2P energy trading method based on model predictive control is proposed, along with a distributed trading actions implementation method based on continuous double auction. Numerical results show that the proposed method can reduce the operational cost of prosumers by 3.7% and promote the local integration of renewable energy by 3.1%.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL POWER & ENERGY SYSTEMS
(2024)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Shitong Fang, Houfan Du, Tao Yan, Keyu Chen, Zhiyuan Li, Xiaoqing Ma, Zhihui Lai, Shengxi Zhou
Summary: This paper proposes a new type of nonlinear VIV energy harvester (ANVEH) that compensates for the decrease in peak energy output at low wind speeds by introducing an auxiliary structure. Theoretical and experimental results show that ANVEH performs better than traditional nonlinear VIV energy harvesters under various system parameter variations.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Wei Jiang, Shuo Zhang, Teng Wang, Yufei Zhang, Aimin Sha, Jingjing Xiao, Dongdong Yuan
Summary: A standardized method was developed to evaluate the availability of solar energy resources in road areas, which combined the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Geographic Information System (GIS). By analyzing critical factors and using a multi-indicator evaluation method, the method accurately evaluated the utilization of solar energy resources and guided the optimal location selection for road photovoltaic (PV) projects. The results provided guidance for the application of road PV projects and site selection for route corridors worldwide, promoting the integration of transportation and energy.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Chang Liu, Jacob A. Wrubel, Elliot Padgett, Guido Bender
Summary: The study investigates the effects of coating defects on the performance of the anode porous transport layer (PTL) in water electrolyzers. The results show that an increasing fraction of uncoated regions on the PTL leads to decreased cell performance, with continuous uncoated regions having a more severe impact compared to multiple thin uncoated strips.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Marcos Tostado-Veliz, Xiaolong Jin, Rohit Bhakar, Francisco Jurado
Summary: In this paper, a coordinated charging price mechanism for clusters of parking lots is proposed. The research shows that enabling vehicle-to-grid characteristics can bring significant economic benefits for users and the cluster coordinator, and vehicle-to-grid impacts noticeably on the risk-averse character of the uncertainty-aware strategies. The developed pricing mechanism can reduce the cost for users, avoiding to directly translate the energy cost to charging points.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Duan Kang
Summary: Building an energy superpower is a key strategy for China and a long-term goal for other countries. This study proposes an evaluation system and index for measuring energy superpower, and finds that China has significantly improved its ranking over the past 21 years, surpassing other countries.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Fucheng Deng, Yifei Wang, Xiaosen Li, Gang Li, Yi Wang, Bin Huang
Summary: This study investigated the synergistic blockage mechanism of sand and hydrate in gravel filling layer and the evolution of permeability in the layer. Experimental models and modified permeability models were established to analyze the effects of sand particles and hydrate formation on permeability. The study provided valuable insights for the safe and efficient exploitation of hydrate reservoirs.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Hao Wang, Xiwen Chen, Natan Vital, Edward Duffy, Abolfazl Razi
Summary: This study proposes a HVAC energy optimization model based on deep reinforcement learning algorithm. It achieves 37% energy savings and ensures thermal comfort for open office buildings. The model has a low complexity, uses a few controllable factors, and has a short training time with good generalizability.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Moyue Cong, Yongzhuo Gao, Weidong Wang, Long He, Xiwang Mao, Yi Long, Wei Dong
Summary: This study introduces a multi-strategy ultra-wideband energy harvesting device that achieves high power output without the need for external power input. By utilizing asymmetry, stagger array, magnetic coupling, and nonlinearity strategies, the device maintains a stable output voltage and high power density output at non-resonant frequencies. Temperature and humidity monitoring are performed using Bluetooth sensors to adaptively assess the device.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Tianshu Dong, Xiudong Duan, Yuanyuan Huang, Danji Huang, Yingdong Luo, Ziyu Liu, Xiaomeng Ai, Jiakun Fang, Chaolong Song
Summary: Electrochemical water splitting is crucial for hydrogen production, and improving the hydrogen separation rate from the electrode is essential for enhancing water electrolyzer performance. However, issues such as air bubble adhesion to the electrode plate hinder the process. Therefore, a methodology to investigate the two-phase flow within the electrolyzer is in high demand. This study proposes using a microfluidic system as a simulator for the electrolyzer and optimizing the two-phase flow by manipulating the micro-structure of the flow.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Shuo Han, Yifan Yuan, Mengjiao He, Ziwen Zhao, Beibei Xu, Diyi Chen, Jakub Jurasz
Summary: Giving full play to the flexibility of hydropower and integrating more variable renewable energy is of great significance for accelerating the transformation of China's power energy system. This study proposes a novel day-ahead scheduling model that considers the flexibility limited by irregular vibration zones (VZs) and the probability of flexibility shortage in a hydropower-variable renewable energy hybrid generation system. The model is applied to a real hydropower station and effectively improves the flexibility supply capacity of hydropower, especially during heavy load demand in flood season.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Zhen Wang, Kangqi Fan, Shizhong Zhao, Shuxin Wu, Xuan Zhang, Kangjia Zhai, Zhiqi Li, Hua He
Summary: This study developed a high-performance rotary energy harvester (AI-REH) inspired by archery, which efficiently accumulates and releases ultralow-frequency vibration energy. By utilizing a magnetic coupling strategy and an accumulator spring, the AI-REH achieves significantly accelerated rotor speeds and enhanced electric outputs.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yi Yang, Qianyi Xing, Kang Wang, Caihong Li, Jianzhou Wang, Xiaojia Huang
Summary: In this study, a novel hybrid Quantile Regression (QR) model is proposed for Probabilistic Load Forecasting (PLF). The model integrates causal dilated convolution, residual connection, and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) for multi-scale feature extraction. In addition, a Combined Probabilistic Load Forecasting System (CPLFS) is proposed to overcome the inherent flaws of relying on a single model. Simulation results show that the hybrid QR outperforms traditional models and CPLFS exceeds the best benchmarks in terms of prediction accuracy and stability.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Wen-Jiang Zou, Young-Bae Kim, Seunghun Jung
Summary: This paper proposes a dynamic prediction model for capacity fade in vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). The model accurately predicts changes in electrolyte volume and capacity fade, enhancing the competitiveness of VRFBs in energy storage applications.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yuechao Ma, Shengtie Wang, Guangchen Liu, Guizhen Tian, Jianwei Zhang, Ruiming Liu
Summary: This paper focuses on the balance of state of charge (SOC) among multiple battery energy storage units (MBESUs) and bus voltage balance in an islanded bipolar DC microgrid. A SOC automatic balancing strategy is proposed considering the energy flow relationship and utilizing the adaptive virtual resistance algorithm. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in achieving SOC balancing and decreasing bus voltage unbalance.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Raad Z. Homod, Basil Sh. Munahi, Hayder Ibrahim Mohammed, Musatafa Abbas Abbood Albadr, Aissa Abderrahmane, Jasim M. Mahdi, Mohamed Bechir Ben Hamida, Bilal Naji Alhasnawi, A. S. Albahri, Hussein Togun, Umar F. Alqsair, Zaher Mundher Yaseen
Summary: In this study, the control problem of the multiple-boiler system (MBS) is formulated as a dynamic Markov decision process and a deep clustering reinforcement learning approach is applied to obtain the optimal control policy. The proposed strategy, based on bang-bang action, shows superior response and achieves more than 32% energy saving compared to conventional fixed parameter controllers under dynamic indoor/outdoor actual conditions.
