Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Matthew R. Vogt, Peter F. Wright, William F. Hickey, Tristan De Buysscher, Kelli L. Boyd, James E. Crowe
Summary: This study reveals the presence of EV-D68 RNA and protein in anterior horn cells and their axons in a child who died from an acute flaccid myelitis-like illness, strongly indicating the virus as the cause of the disorder.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Andrea M. Lerner, Amanda J. DeRocco, Linda Yang, Daphne A. Robinson, Robert W. Eisinger, Nicholas D. Bushar, Avindra Nath, Emily Erbelding
Summary: AFM cases have been increasing in the US biennially since 2014, with non-polio enteroviruses like EV-D68 being associated with the syndrome. More research is needed to understand AFM and develop effective therapeutic strategies.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Jelte Helfferich, Arlette L. Bruijstens, Marjolein Knoester, Oebele F. Brouwer, Rinze F. Neuteboom
Summary: This study compared the clinical features of pediatric acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) and transverse myelitis (TM) and evaluated the current diagnostic criteria. The results showed important differences in clinical and diagnostic features between AFM and TM, emphasizing the importance of thorough clinical examination and early and accurate diagnostic studies.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY
(2023)
Review
Clinical Neurology
Darina Dinov, Jeffrey R. Donowitz
Summary: Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) is a rare neurological disorder that predominantly affects children, with no definitive prognostic factors or etiologies found yet. Treatment options are limited with supportive therapy being the most effective.
FRONTIERS IN NEUROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Virology
Joshua Frost, Michael J. Rudy, J. Smith Leser, Haozhou Tan, Yanmei Hu, Jun Wang, Penny Clarke, Kenneth L. Tyler
Summary: Recent outbreaks of EV-D68 in 2014, 2016, and 2018 have led to over 600 cases of a paralytic illness called AFM. AFM primarily affects children, lacks an FDA-approved treatment, and shows limited recovery from limb weakness in many patients.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2023)
Review
Immunology
Syriam Sooksawasdi Na Ayudhya, Brigitta M. Laksono, Debby van Riel
Summary: EV-D68 first emerged in 2014, causing outbreaks of severe respiratory disease in children worldwide and being associated with the development of central nervous system complications. Subsequent research has highlighted the importance of understanding the pathogenesis of EV-D68, particularly in terms of systemic dissemination, CNS infection, and induction of AFM.
Article
Microbiology
Michael J. Rudy, Joshua Frost, Penny Clarke, Kenneth L. Tyler
Summary: Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) can cause respiratory illness and paralysis. There is no known antiviral treatment for the associated paralysis, but experiments with virus-specific immunotherapy showed positive results. Therefore, early treatment is recommended for patients suspected to be infected with EV-D68 and presenting symptoms of paralysis.
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY
(2022)
Article
Cell Biology
Yu-Li Lin, Pei-Yun Cheng, Chiao-Li Chin, Kuan-Ting Chuang, Jing-Yi Lin, Ning Chang, Chun-Kei Pan, Cheng-Sheng Lin, Siao-Cian Pan, Bor-Luen Chiang
Summary: This study found that the polysaccharide PS-G from Ganoderma lucidum can be used as a potential adjuvant for developing mucosal bivalent vaccines against EV-A71 and EV-D68. The vaccines induced strong immune responses, producing specific antibodies that neutralized the viruses and provided protection.
JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Jelte Helfferich, Rinze F. Neuteboom, Marit M. A. de Lange, Kimberley S. M. Benschop, Coretta C. Van Leer-Buter, Adam Meijer, Dewi P. Bakker, Eva de Bie, Hilde M. H. Braakman, Rick Brandsma, Erik H. Niks, Jikke-Mien Niermeijer, Vincent Roelfsema, Niels Schoenmaker, Lilian T. Sie, Hubert G. Niesters, Margreet J. M. te Wierik, Bart C. Jacobs, Oebele F. Brouwer
Summary: Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) is characterized by rapid limb weakness with low muscle tone. Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) is a rare cause of AFP that mainly affects young children. This study evaluates the diagnostic criteria for AFM and compares it to other causes of acute weakness in children, aiming to identify distinguishing clinical and diagnostic features.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRIC NEUROLOGY
(2023)
Editorial Material
Microbiology
David Aponte-Diaz, Matthew R. Vogt, Craig E. Cameron
Summary: EV-D68 contributes significantly to respiratory and neurological diseases. It exploits cellular autophagic compartments and its viral proteins 2B and 3A have difficulty engaging membranes, leading to a delay in RNA synthesis.
Article
Rehabilitation
William Ide, Michelle Melicosta, Melissa K. Trovato
Summary: AFM is a syndrome of flaccid paralysis affecting primarily children, with no proven effective treatments currently available. The clinical presentation and rehabilitation needs of patients vary significantly, requiring a tailored approach to recovery. Significant knowledge gaps exist in understanding AFM, and a multidisciplinary rehabilitation team is essential to address the wide-ranging impacts of the syndrome on patients.
PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA
(2021)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Irene F. Lu, Jack S. Cornish, Aadith Ashok, Siew Kar Chen, Eugene Athan, Andrew Hughes
Summary: There have been increasing reports of immune-mediated and para-infectious syndromes associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. This case report presents a 66-year-old female who developed rapidly progressive lower limb neurology 3 days after SARS-CoV-2 infection and was successfully treated with methylprednisolone and remdesivir.
JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE
(2022)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Olwen C. Murphy, Kevin Messacar, Leslie Benson, Riley Bove, Jessica L. Carpenter, Thomas Crawford, Janet Dean, Roberta DeBiasi, Jay Desai, Matthew J. Elrick, Raquel Farias-Moeller, Grace Y. Gombolay, Benjamin Greenberg, Matthew Harmelink, Sue Hong, Sarah E. Hopkins, Joyce Oleszek, Catherine Otten, Cristina L. Sadowsky, Teri L. Schreiner, Kiran T. Thakur, Keith Van Haren, Carolina M. Carballo, Pin Fee Chong, Amary Fall, Vykuntaraju K. Gowda, Jelte Helfferich, Ryutaro Kira, Ming Lim, Eduardo L. Lopez, Elizabeth M. Wells, E. Ann Yeh, Carlos A. Pardo
Summary: Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) is a polio-like illness mainly affecting children, characterized by muscle weakness. Diagnosis relies on identification of various clinical, neuroimaging, and cerebrospinal fluid characteristics, with patients often experiencing residual disability and requiring long-term rehabilitation. Future research focuses on evaluating host and pathogen factors to improve long-term outcomes in this population.
Article
Immunology
Liz J. Walker, Bruce R. Thorley, Anne Morris, Elizabeth J. Elliott, Nathan Saul, Philip N. Britton
Summary: Since 2012, both the United States and Australia have reported cases of acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) in children. Australia's AFP surveillance system is well-placed to identify future AFM cases, with a low incidence rate.
EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Review
Infectious Diseases
Baljinder Singh, Sanchit Arora, Navjot Sandhu
Summary: Acute Flaccid Myelitis (AFM) is a neurological condition caused by Enterovirus 68 (EV-D68), resulting in lower limb paralysis and cranial nerve dysfunction. The disease is more prevalent in pediatric patients, but careful assessment and management can reduce mortality and paraplegia risk.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Amy B. Rosenfeld, David J. Doobin, Audrey L. Warren, Vincent R. Racaniello, Richard B. Vallee
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2017)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Gabriel A. Fitzgerald, Daniel S. Terry, Audrey L. Warren, Matthias A. Quick, Jonathan A. Javitch, Scott C. Blanchard
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jonathan Kim, Yong Zi Tan, Kathryn J. Wicht, Satchal K. Erramilli, Satish K. Dhingra, John Okombo, Jeremie Vendome, Laura M. Hagenah, Sabrina I. Giacometti, Audrey L. Warren, Kamil Nosol, Paul D. Roepe, Clinton S. Potter, Bridget Carragher, Anthony A. Kossiakoff, Matthias Quick, David A. Fidock, Filippo Mancia