Article
Engineering, Chemical
Songchen Xie, Zhiguang Pang, Chunguang Hou, Ngie Hing Wong, Jaka Sunarso, Yuelian Peng
Summary: This study presents a method to develop an omniphobic membrane and demonstrates its excellent anti-scaling and anti-wetting properties. The PVDF-(EA/PFTS)-1:1 membrane shows high wetting resistance and omniphobicity, as well as excellent scaling resistance during concentration and reverse osmosis processes.
JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE
(2022)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Tianlong Ni, Jiuyang Lin, Lingxue Kong, Shuaifei Zhao
Summary: Membrane distillation (MD) is a promising technology for desalination and water purification, with recent advancements in omniphobic membranes to combat wetting and fouling issues. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the fundamentals, properties, advantages, applications, and engineering methods of omniphobic membranes. Future research on omniphobic membranes will focus on addressing challenges for stable and efficient MD operations.
CHINESE CHEMICAL LETTERS
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Rongchao Wang, Hao Zhang, Liang Zhu, Lin Chen, Wucheng Ma, Longjie Jiang, Yue Zhu, Bin Wu, Wei Zhang
Summary: This study reports a simple and highly efficient air spraying strategy to fabricate an omniphobic membrane by spraying a coating solution comprising fluorinated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (F-MWCNTs) onto a commercial polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane. The contact angles for water and hexadecane on the surface reached 173.0 degrees and 161.2 degrees, and the water flux remained stable for 12 h when tested in DCMD with low surface tension fluids (SDS and STAC). The omniphobic membrane showed higher wetting resistance in direct membrane distillation (DCMD) experiments than the PTFE membrane when feeding low surface tension feed solutions.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Lijun Meng, Li Wang, Zhiwei Wang
Summary: A robust omniphobic membrane is fabricated using bio-inspired silicification and fluorosilanization on an electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) nanofiber mat, which achieves stable flux and outperforms the pristine membrane in treating hypersaline chemical industry wastewater.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Wei Zhang, Zhi Wang, Baoan Li
Summary: In this study, a Ti-CNFs/PVDF composite membrane with omniphobicity and high permeate flux was fabricated via electrospraying multilevel heat-conducting nanofibers on the PVDF membrane and fluorosilane treatment simultaneously with one-step strategy. The composite membrane displayed outstanding contact angles and stable properties, making it a promising alternative for wastewater treatment in membrane distillation.
JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Jun Li, Long-Fei Ren, Manhong Huang, Jingren Yang, Jiahui Shao, Yiliang He
Summary: In this study, an omniphobic membrane with excellent anti-wetting performance was fabricated using a simple method. The anti-wetting performance was systematically evaluated under different conditions. Theoretical analysis was conducted to explain the anti-wetting mechanism. The resultant membrane displayed remarkable resistance for both surfactant-induced and scaling-induced wetting.
JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Najib Meftah Almukhtar Omar, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman, Zhong Sheng Tai, Ahmed Omar Aswaye Amhamed, Erna Yuliwati, Mohd Hafiz Puteh, Tonni Agustiono Kurniawan, Mukhlis A. Rahman, Juhana Jaafar, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail
Summary: This study successfully modified the surface of hydrophilic mullite-stainless steel hollow fibre membranes to omniphobic properties. The prepared membranes exhibited superior characteristics compared to other reported membranes, including higher roughness, liquid entry pressure, and enhanced liquid repellence and contact angles towards different liquids.
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Xuewei Du, Mohammad Alipanahrostami, Wei Wang, Tiezheng Tong
Summary: Membranes with exceptional wetting resistance can be designed using short-chain fluorocarbons and hierarchically structured membranes. These membranes exhibit wetting resistance comparable to or even better than membranes based on long-chain PFASs. Furthermore, membranes fabricated with ultra-short chain fluorocarbons display improved wetting resistance against feedwaters with low surface tension.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Meng Li, Yang Cao, Xuan Zhang
Summary: We propose a novel and facile strategy to fabricate omniphobic membranes with robust performance in membrane distillation (MD). The membranes exhibit ultrahigh surface water contact angle and ultralow sliding angle, as well as excellent wetting resistance and structural robustness. The experiments demonstrate stable long-term MD operation and high water recovery ratio in treating brine and shale gas wastewater. Our study presents a nanoparticle-free methodology for scalable fabrication of high-performance MD membranes with surface omniphobicity.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Jiahui Zhang, Nan Li, Dong Wang, Jinmei Li, Yue Chen, Zhining Wang
Summary: A novel omniphobic-hydrophilic Janus membrane was developed to address the wetting and fouling issues in traditional hydrophobic membranes during membrane distillation. The membrane exhibited excellent wetting and fouling resistance, robust desalination performance, and stability in treating different types of surfactant-stabilized emulsions, showing great potential for water recovery from industrial wastewater in MD processes.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Saber Abdulhamid Alftessi, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman, Mohd Ridhwan Adam, Twibi Mohamed Farag, Azeman Mustafa, Takeshi Matsuura, Juhana Jaafar, Mukhlis A. Rahman, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail
Summary: Omniphobic silica sand ceramic hollow fiber membranes were successfully fabricated to reduce wetting and fouling in direct contact membrane distillation. Surface modification with SiNPs, fluorination, and PVDF-HFP coating led to high contact angles for all tested liquids and excellent anti-fouling resistance during DCMD operation. These membranes showed high fluxes, salt rejection, and potential for seawater desalination.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Yuanlu Xu, Yi Yang, Xinfei Fan, Zhijian Liu, Yongxin Song, Yi Wang, Ping Tao, Chengwen Song, Mihua Shao
Summary: This work successfully fabricated a novel omniphobic membrane distillation (MD) membrane with outstanding omniphobicity and wetting resistance properties, exhibiting high contact angle values to various liquids and stable salt rejection in a saline solution.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Aftab Ahmad Khan, Muhammad Irfan Siyal, Jong-Oh Kim
Summary: This study developed an anti-oil-fouling omniphobic polyethersulfone membrane using fluorinated silica nanoparticles for treatment against oil-in-water emulsions. The membrane exhibited effective anti-oil-fouling and antiewetting performance regardless of surfactant charge and concentration of components, with flux reduction and rejection rates within specific ranges.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Wucheng Ma, Rui Han, Liang Zhu, Longjie Jiang, Wei Zhang, Hao Zhang, Lin Chen
Summary: The recovery of ammonia from wastewater is a major concern. This study developed FeOOH grafted membranes with superior fouling resistance and wetting prevention. The modified membrane showed promising results in ammonia recovery without wetting or fouling, indicating its potential in resource recovery.
SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Chenyi Fang, Orlando Garcia-Rodriguez, Chuning Shang, Joseph Imbrogno, Tim M. Swenson, Olivier Lefebvre, Sui Zhang
Summary: In this study, an omniphobic membrane with macro-corrugation was developed for the treatment of realistic pharmaceutical wastewater. The membrane exhibited excellent performance in terms of high water contact angle, low water sliding angle, and resistance to fouling and scaling. These properties were attributed to the Teflon coating and the surface patterns, which provided simultaneous wetting resistance and enhanced turbulence. This research provides valuable insights for the design and application of membrane distillation membranes in treating challenging pharmaceutical wastewater.
JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Jie Gao, Kwee Hiang Jackson Low, Yang Chen, E. Shyong Tai, Tai-Shung Chung, Chester Lee Drum
Summary: This study presents a novel approach using electrospun polyacrylonitrile membranes to separate red blood cells in blood and collect and stabilize plasma biomarkers while retaining human serum albumin. The physicochemical properties of the separation membranes can be further optimized for potential applications in microvolume sample collection.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Jie Gao, Tai-Shung Chung
Summary: In this study, a novel membrane was developed for decellularization of blood in the dried plasma spot system. The membrane effectively removed red blood cells and allowed plasma permeation, with almost no retention of targeted amino acids.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Wenxiao Gai, Yu Zhang, Qipeng Zhao, Tai-Shung Chung
Summary: A novel strategy combining amino functionalized carbon quantum dots and hypochlorite treatment has been demonstrated to significantly improve the separation performance of thin film composite hollow fiber membranes for brackish water reverse osmosis desalination, leading to increased water permeability and enhanced salt rejection.
JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Yingnan Feng, Martin Weber, Christian Maletzko, Tai-Shung Chung
Summary: Structural delamination across the hollow fiber wall is a major challenge in the fabrication of dual-layer hollow fiber membranes. The bore fluid composition has the most profound impact on fiber delamination. Carefully designed spinning conditions can mitigate the occurrence of delamination and result in membranes with improved water filtration permeance.
JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Ji Wu, Can Zeng Liang, Ali Naderi, Tai-Shung Chung
Summary: This study introduces a novel nanocomposite membrane design using soluble organic macrocyclic cavitands, which addresses the issue of discrete nanofiller phases in molecular-sieving membranes and achieves excellent molecular-seiving performance. These membranes exhibit outstanding high-temperature mixed-gas H-2/CO2 separation capabilities, making them highly promising for various energy-intensive molecular separations.
ADVANCED MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Ji Wu, Tai-Shung Chung
Summary: By utilizing 4-sulfocalix[4]arene (SCA4) molecules, this unconventional nanocomposite membrane design can effectively separate CO2 from H2, demonstrating significantly enhanced H2/CO2 separation efficiency, mechanical properties, and long-term stability under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions. These membranes also possess a single-phase composite structure that surpasses conventional phase-segregated mixed-matrix membranes in processability, providing a versatile toolbox for designing advanced molecular-sieving membranes with optimal performance, robust properties, and scalability.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Weikun Paul Li, Aung Thet Paing, Chin Ann Chow, Marn Soon Qua, Karikalan Mottaiyan, Kangjia Lu, Adil Dhalla, Tai-Shung Chung, Chakravarthy Gudipati
Summary: The novel tri-bore polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) hollow fiber membranes were successfully scaled-up for industrial production and optimized for large-scale processes. After assembly into different length modules, the membranes showed high permeate flux and salt rejection rates in membrane distillation applications.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Marn Soon Qua, Yan Zhao, Junyou Zhang, Sebastian Hernandez, Aung Thet Paing, Karikalan Mottaiyan, Jian Zuo, Adil Dhalla, Tai-Shung Chung, Chakravarthy Gudipati
Summary: Hollow fiber membranes made from PVDF polymer with a unique structure have been developed, which exhibit good mechanical strength and water vapor transportation. Through technology translation, the manufacturing scale of the membranes has been successfully increased, making them suitable for high-efficiency desalination and industrial wastewater applications.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Bofan Li, Sheng Wang, Xian Jun Loh, Zibiao Li, Tai-Shung Chung
Summary: In the state-of-the-art membrane industry, sustainable and closed-loop recyclable membranes have been innovated using covalent adaptable networks (CANs) with thermally reversible Diels-Alder (DA) adducts. These membranes exhibit excellent mechanical properties, thermal and chemical stabilities, and separation performance comparable to or even higher than nonrecyclable membranes. The used membranes can be depolymerized to remove contaminants and refabricated into new membranes, filling in the gaps in closed-loop recycling and promoting the advancement of sustainable membranes for a green membrane industry.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Ji Wu, Jie Gao, Shing-Bor Chen, Tai-Shung Chung
Summary: Tuning the permeation properties of TFN membranes through molecular redesign is important for RO desalination performance above the trade-off limit. Activation by organic solvents can boost water permeability but has rejection loss constraints. This study innovatively integrated soluble organic macrocyclic cavitands in the activating solvent to form cavity-bearing nanocomposite structures, which improved water permeability and salt/boron rejection.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Liang Ying Ee, Qipeng Zhao, Jie Gao, Chit Kai Lim, Kai Xue, Sze Yuet Chin, Sam Fong Yau Li, Tai-Shung Chung, Shing Bor Chen
Summary: In this study, facile intercalation and functionalization of β-cyclodextrin onto layered double hydroxides have resulted in the formation of accessible hydroxyl functional groups and anions that exhibit strong sorption and host-guest interaction with boron. The modified LDH was employed to fabricate a polyamide-based thin-film nanocomposite membrane with high salt rejection and water permeance for brackish water, achieving a high boron rejection rate as well. This pioneering study provides valuable insights into the design of brackish water reverse osmosis membranes using macrocyclic molecules and inorganic layered nanomaterials.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Qianqian Zeng, Die Ling Zhao, Liguo Shen, Hongjun Lin, Ning Kong, Lei Han, Cheng Chen, Jiaheng Teng, Chuyang Tang, Tai-Shung Chung
Summary: This study inserted titanium oxide nanotubes into the interlayer space of 2D MXene-based membranes to prepare PMT membranes with excellent performance. The PMT membrane has outstanding hydrophilicity, high retention rates, and ultra-high permeability. It also exhibits excellent antifouling and self-cleaning properties. The incorporation of TiONT increased the interaction energy between the membrane and pollutants, thereby improving its antifouling performance. This novel 2D membrane shows great promise for large-scale continuous separations of oil/water emulsions.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Fan Feng, Ji Wu, Can Zeng Liang, Martin Weber, Sui Zhang, Tai-Shung Chung
Summary: In this work, scalable polyphenylsulfone (PPSU) and polybenzimidazole (PBI) polymers were blended to create an enhanced polymer matrix that utilized the permeability and mechanical flexibility of PPSU and the selectivity and thermal stability of PBI. Calix[6]arene (CA6) was incorporated into the blend matrix to further enhance the H2/CO2 selectivity. The nanocomposite blend membrane achieved a significantly higher H2/CO2 selectivity with minimal permeability loss, surpassing the Robeson upper bound. This work presents exciting possibilities for designing molecularly mixed composite membranes (MMCMs) with better scalability compared to conventional mixed-matrix designs.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Baiwang Zhao, Jun Wen Wong, Can Zeng Liang, Ji Wu, Tai-Shung Chung, Sui Zhang
Summary: Researchers developed an inner-selective polyethersulfone-polydimethylsiloxane (PES-PDMS) thin-film composite (TFC) hollow fiber membrane for CO2/N2 separation. The membrane exhibited high CO2 permeance and CO2/N2 selectivity, making it a promising candidate for post-combustion CO2 capture.
SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Kai Yu Wang, Martin Weber, Tai-Shung Chung
Summary: PBI has been explored for fabricating HFMs for liquid and gas separations due to its chemical resistance and stability, enhancing separation performance. State-of-the-art technologies can fabricate macrovoid-free PBI HFMs, and chemically modified PBI membranes, PBI blended membranes, and PBI composite membranes can improve performance.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Rong-Gui Zhu, Chang-Gui Pan, Feng-Jiao Peng, Chao-Yang Zhou, Jun-Jie Hu, Kefu Yu
Summary: This comprehensive survey investigated the occurrence, bioaccumulation, and trophic magnification of parabens and their metabolite 4-HB in a marine food web. Results showed that parabens were the predominant pollutants in marine organisms, with significant bioaccumulation from sediments. The estimated trophic magnification factor indicated biomagnification for MeP and trophic dilution for 4-HB. Overall, the risks for humans consuming marine organisms were found to be low.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Andres F. Torres-Franco, Deborah Leroy-Freitas, Cristina Martinez-Fraile, Elisa Rodriguez, Pedro A. Garcia-Encina, Raul Munoz
Summary: Anaerobic and microalgae-based technologies have emerged as sustainable alternatives for municipal wastewater treatment. However, the presence of viruses in the treated wastewater is a major concern for reuse applications. This study assessed the ability of these technologies to reduce viruses during secondary wastewater treatment. The results showed that all technologies were effective in reducing the concentration of viruses, with microalgae-based treatment exhibiting the highest potential for reducing the disinfection requirements of treated wastewater.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Young Gwang Kim, Sae Yun Kwon, Spencer J. Washburn, Scott C. Brooks, Ji Won Yoon, Lucien Besnard
Summary: The study uses Hg isotope ratios to identify the sources and exposure pathways of mercury in bivalves, finding that dissolved Hg phases in the water column are the primary source and exposure pathway to bivalves. This provides new insights into using bivalves as bioindicators for sediment quality monitoring.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Hui Geng, Ying Xu, Rui Liu, Dianhai Yang, Xiaohu Dai
Summary: This study investigates the effect of cation exchange resin (CER) on the sequential recovery of hydrogen and methane from anaerobic digestion (AD) and the corresponding mechanisms. The results show that CER can simultaneously enhance the production of hydrogen and methane by promoting the solubilisation, hydrolysis, and acidification of organic matter. Additionally, CER facilitates effective contact between bacteria and organic particulates and reduces the energy barrier for mass transfer during methane production. The study also reveals changes in the microbial community structure and metagenomics during the AD process.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Xiaojing Lin, Zhan Jin, Shunfeng Jiang, Zhiquan Wang, Suqing Wu, Ke Bei, Min Zhao, Xiangyong Zheng
Summary: Dehumidification combined with addition of absorbent resin supplement (ARS) was used to achieve rapid evaporation of non-pretreated urine, resulting in high water evaporation efficiency and nutrient recovery.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Yangli Che, Chaoran Lin, Shen Li, Jiao Liu, Longhai Zhu, Shilei Yu, Nan Wang, Haoshuai Li, Mutai Bao, Yang Zhou, Tonghao Si, Rui Bao
Summary: Hydrodynamic processes play a crucial role in the transmission of sediments, microbial assembly, and organic carbon redistribution in the ocean. Through experiments and analysis, we found that hydrodynamics shape the assembly of microbial communities and control the redistribution of different sourced organic carbon, thereby influencing microbial-mediated biogeochemical transformation.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Chao Chen, Yu Yang, Nigel J. D. Graham, Zhenyu Li, Xingtao Yang, Zhining Wang, Nadia Farhat, Johannes S. Vrouwenvelder, Li -an Hou
Summary: The fouling of seawater reverse osmosis membranes is a persistent challenge in desalination. This study monitored the operational performance of a desalination plant for 7 years and the fouling development in different areas of membrane modules. The findings showed that operational performance declined over time and fouling mainly occurred at the feed side of the modules, with the highest microbial diversity. Keystone species like Chloroflexi and Planctomycetes played an important role in maintaining community structure and biofilm maturation. Polysaccharides, soluble microbial products, marine humic acid-like substances, and inorganic substances contributed to fouling. Overall, biofouling had a significant impact on membrane fouling after 7 years of operation.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Dan Li, Jieyi Sun, Yibo Fu, Wentao Hong, Heli Wang, Qian Yang, Junhong Wu, Sen Yang, Jianhui Xu, Yunfei Zhang, Yirong Deng, Yin Zhong, Ping'an Peng
Summary: Sulfidation-oxidation treatment of magnetite (Fe3O4) enhances the production of dark center dot OH, which can efficiently degrade dissolved organic matter (DOM) and accelerate carbon cycling.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Cheng Yu, Kaijun Wang, Kaiyuan Zhang, Ruiyang Liu, Pingping Zheng
Summary: This study implemented a microaerobic-aerobic configuration in a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment facility and investigated the effects on sludge characteristics, pollutant removal, microbial community, and granulation mechanisms. The results showed successful transition from flocculent-activated sludge to well-defined AGS after two months of operation. The primary pathways for pollutant removal were simultaneous nitrification, denitrification, and phosphorus removal. Moreover, the incorporation of internal separators induced shifts in the flow pattern, which promoted granulation.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Zhe Zhang, Shaoyang Hu, Guangrong Sun, Wei Wang
Summary: Halogenated aromatic disinfection byproducts (DBPs), such as halogenated phenols, have garnered widespread attention due to their high toxicity and prevalence. This study reports on the analysis, occurrence, and cytotoxicity of a group of emerging halogenated aromatic DBPs, known as halogenated polyhydroxyphenols (HPPs), in drinking water.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Shengyue Chen, Jinliang Huang, Peng Wang, Xi Tang, Zhenyu Zhang
Summary: Accurate prediction of river water quality is crucial for sustainable water management. This study introduces wavelet analysis and transfer learning techniques to assist LSTM modeling, proposing a newly coupled modeling approach that improves short-term prediction of river water quality.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Bang Du, Xinmin Zhan, Piet N. L. Lens, Yifeng Zhang, Guangxue Wu
Summary: Efficient anaerobic digestion relies on the cooperation of different microorganisms with different metabolic pathways. This study investigated the effects of different operational modes and the addition of powdered activated carbon (PAC) on ethanol metabolic pathways. The results showed that the SBR mode and the presence of CO2 facilitated ethanol metabolism towards propionate production, while the CFR mode with extended solids retention time enriched Geobacter. Adjusting operational modes and PAC addition can modulate anaerobic ethanol metabolism and enrich Geobacter.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Wanfa Wang, Si-Liang Li, Jun Zhong, Yuanbi Yi, Fujun Yue, Zenglei Han, Qixin Wu, Ding He, Cong-Qiang Liu
Summary: This study compares the carbon biogeochemical processes in karst and non-karst regions within large thermal stratified river-reservoir systems. The results demonstrate that karst reservoirs have a reduced potential for carbon emissions and highlight the importance of considering geologic settings to improve accuracy in regional and global CO2 emission estimates.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Chunxia Jiang, Zelong Zhao, Dong Zhu, Xiong Pan, Yuyi Yang
Summary: This study analyzed the occurrence and distribution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in different environmental media of the Yangtze River using metagenomics. Core resistome dominated by multidrug resistance genes was found in all samples, while rare resistome dominated by various resistance genes was more prevalent in plasmids. Specific bacteria were identified as hosts for both core and rare resistomes, with high clinical concern ARGs found in the rare resistome. Particle-associated environment provided the most ideal conditions for resistome hosts. This study provided insights into the genetic locations of ARGs and the community assembly mechanisms of ARG hosts in freshwater environments.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Yu Zhang, Yongtao He, Linchun Jia, Lei Xu, Zheng Wang, Yueling He, Ling Xiong, Xumeng Lin, Hong Chen, Gang Xue
Summary: By synergizing organic carbon source, thiosulfate, and zero-valent iron, efficient mixotrophic denitrification of oligotrophic secondary effluent can be achieved. Thiosulfate plays a vital role in promoting TN removal efficiency, while corrosion of Fe0 releases OH- to neutralize H+ from thiosulfate-driven denitrification, creating a suitable environment for denitrification. The coordination of thiosulfate and Fe0 maintains the dominance of Thiobacillus for denitrification.
