Protein target identification and toxicological mechanism investigation of silver nanoparticles-induced hepatotoxicity by integrating proteomic and metallomic strategies

Background Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), as promising anti-microbials and anti-cancer therapeutics, the toxicological effect and killing efficiency towards cells need in-depth investigation for better applications in daily life and healthcare fields. Thus far, limited studies have yet elucidated the protein targets of AgNPs and silver ions (Ag+) released from intracellular AgNPs dissolution in hepatocytes, as well as potential interaction mechanism. Results Through integrating proteomic and metallomic methodologies, six intracellular protein targets (i.e. glutathione S-transferase (GST), peroxiredoxin, myosin, elongation factor 1, 60S ribosomal protein and 40S ribosomal protein) were ultimately identified and confirmed as AgNPs- and Ag+ -binding proteins. Toward a deep understanding the direct interaction mechanism between AgNPs and these protein targets, GST was chosen as a representative for toxicological investigation. The results revealed that AgNPs could remarkably deplete the enzyme activity of GST but did not depress the expressions, resulting in elevated intracellular oxidative stress and cell death. Finally, both Ag+ effect and particle-specific effect were demonstrated to concomitantly account for the overall cytotoxicity of AgNPs, and the former relatively contributed more via activity depletion of GST. Conclusions Collectively, our major contribution is the development of an efficient strategy to identify the intracellular AgNPs-targeted protein (e.g. GST) through integrating proteomic and metallomic methodologies, which is helpful to accelerate the interpretation of underlying toxicological mechanism of AgNPs.