A paleoclimatic reconstruction of the Carboniferous-Permian paleovalley fill in the eastern Paganzo Basin: Insights into glacial extent and deglaciation of southwestern Gondwana

During the mid-Carboniferous, ice centers located in present-day western Argentina disappeared until the late Cenozoic with glaciation of the Andes. The disappearance of mid-Carboniferous glaciers and the subsequent climate shift, recorded in the Paganzo Basin, has been attributed to global events and drivers, such as increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations and the shifting position of Gondwana across the South Pole. However, glaciers continued at the same paleolatitude in eastern South America and did not disappear from Gondwana until the Late Permian. This study investigates links to local drivers that acted in combination with other global drivers to explain the early deglaciation along the western margin of Gondwana. To do this, several outcrops within the eastern portion of the Paganzo Basin in western Argentina were sampled for the Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) geochemical analyses. Here, we test the applicability of the CIA as a paleoclimate proxy on strata in the Olta-Malanzan paleovalley that historically was thought to have been glaciated. A recent study by the authors has shown that the paleovalley was not glaciated, but owes its origin to extension and excavation by fluvial processes. However, the late Paleozoic stratigraphy of this paleovalley system is similar to the rest of the Paganzo Basin. The results from the paleovalley samples show that this area was intermittently humid and arid through time, but with an overall arid profile. This signature is predominantly due to the nature of the paleovalley, which was subjected to rapid burial from frequent rock falls, progradation alluvial fans/fan deltas, and lacustrine sediment gravity flows (Malanzan Fm.), which prevented any significant chemical weathering. While the overall Pennsylvanian climatic signature appears to be relatively arid (Malanzan, Loma Larga, and Solca Fms.), it seems that the climate during the deposition of the late Pennsylvanian and Permian La Colina Formation was more humid than previously thought.