Application of a performance-based public and private partnership model for river management in China: A case study of Nakao River

Performance-based public and private partnership (PPP) projects, also defined as Design-Build-Finance-Operate-Transfer, have widely been applied by local governments. The complexity of river management creates challenges to effective cooperation between local governments and private entities. We identify four questions as the research objects: How should PPP project boundary be defined? How should the key performance indicators be defined? How should the risk allocation between public and private entities be defined? How should the payment method be defined? This paper adopts case study method to discuss the four questions, and illustrate the complexity of river management when involving private sector. Under the in-depth study and comprehensive statement, this paper could give lessons for public or private who wants to participate in the PPP project. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.