期刊
HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY
卷 39, 期 2, 页码 99-106出版社
AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC
DOI: 10.1037/hea0000816
关键词
cigarette smoking; mood; depression; multilevel analyses; longitudinal study
资金
- National Institute of Drug Abuse Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Center for Tobacco Products (CTP) [R21DA036472]
Objective: Affective features of depression are uniquely involved in the depression-smoking relationship, and it follows that smokers with depression are likely to use cigarettes to alleviate negative affect. However, most ecological momentary assessment (EMA) studies demonstrate no relationship between mood and smoking, in general. Conversely, a small number of experimental studies suggest there is an association between mood and smoking and that the relationship is dependent on levels of depression. Researchers have yet to examine the impact of depression on the relationship between mood and smoking using EMA methodology. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to explore the relationship between depression, mood, and ad lib smoking among adults in real time. Method: Participants included 96 adult daily smokers (53% female, 67% non-Hispanic Black; age, M = 40.76, SD = 12.42) who completed baseline ratings of depressive symptoms and 7 consecutive days of in vivo data collection focused on cigarette smoking and associated mood and craving ratings. Results: Results indicated that depression moderates the prospective relationship between mood and smoking (even when controlling for craving), such that participants with higher levels of depressive symptoms smoke more cigarettes in response to an improvement in mood (relative to their average mood), whereas participants with lower levels of depressive symptoms smoke more in response to worsening mood states (relative to their average mood). Conclusions: Attempting to maintain better mood may be a motivating factor for smoking among depressed individuals. These findings may be helpful in tailoring smoking cessation treatment programs for people exhibiting depressive symptoms.
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