期刊
BIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY
卷 119, 期 1, 页码 201-212出版社
OXFORD UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1111/bij.12801
关键词
Chrysomelidae; defence effectiveness; defensive secretion; feeding niche; Formicidae; generalist predators; plant allelochemicals; salicylaldehyde; sequestration; social behaviour
资金
- EC through BALANCE project [EVK2-2002-00169]
- Academy of Finland [268124]
- Division Of Integrative Organismal Systems
- Direct For Biological Sciences [1457395] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Division Of Integrative Organismal Systems
- Direct For Biological Sciences [1457335] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
Generalist predators are frequently seen as evolutionary forces that narrow the host range in herbivorous insects. Predators may favour specialization of herbivores on host plants containing toxic chemicals (which can be used by herbivores for their own defence) if host plant-derived defences provide better protection from enemies than do autogenously produced defences. We compared the effectiveness of these two defensive strategies in the larvae of six species of leaf beetle (Chrysomelidae) against wood ants (Formica rufa group) in field experiments. Ants were more strongly repelled by larvae with host plant-derived, salicylaldehyde-containing secretions than by larvae with various autogenous secretions, but collectively foraging ants ultimately overcame any type of chemical defence by social interactions, chemical signalling, and olfactory learning. As a result, ants killed all larvae of Chrysomela lapponica defended by salicylaldehyde-containing secretions within 2 days of their introduction to willows within 15 m of ant nests. We conclude that in the field neither type of chemical defence provides complete protection against wood ants in the vicinity of their nests, and that evolutionary shifts from autogenous production of secretion to sequestration of plant allelochemicals in leaf beetles may be favoured mostly at low ant densities on the periphery of ant foraging areas. (C) 2016 The Linnean Society of London
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