Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Matthew R. Vogt, Peter F. Wright, William F. Hickey, Tristan De Buysscher, Kelli L. Boyd, James E. Crowe
Summary: This study reveals the presence of EV-D68 RNA and protein in anterior horn cells and their axons in a child who died from an acute flaccid myelitis-like illness, strongly indicating the virus as the cause of the disorder.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Andrea M. Lerner, Amanda J. DeRocco, Linda Yang, Daphne A. Robinson, Robert W. Eisinger, Nicholas D. Bushar, Avindra Nath, Emily Erbelding
Summary: AFM cases have been increasing in the US biennially since 2014, with non-polio enteroviruses like EV-D68 being associated with the syndrome. More research is needed to understand AFM and develop effective therapeutic strategies.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Jelte Helfferich, Arlette L. Bruijstens, Marjolein Knoester, Oebele F. Brouwer, Rinze F. Neuteboom
Summary: This study compared the clinical features of pediatric acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) and transverse myelitis (TM) and evaluated the current diagnostic criteria. The results showed important differences in clinical and diagnostic features between AFM and TM, emphasizing the importance of thorough clinical examination and early and accurate diagnostic studies.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY
(2023)
Article
Cell Biology
Yu-Li Lin, Pei-Yun Cheng, Chiao-Li Chin, Kuan-Ting Chuang, Jing-Yi Lin, Ning Chang, Chun-Kei Pan, Cheng-Sheng Lin, Siao-Cian Pan, Bor-Luen Chiang
Summary: This study found that the polysaccharide PS-G from Ganoderma lucidum can be used as a potential adjuvant for developing mucosal bivalent vaccines against EV-A71 and EV-D68. The vaccines induced strong immune responses, producing specific antibodies that neutralized the viruses and provided protection.
JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE
(2023)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Olwen C. Murphy, Kevin Messacar, Leslie Benson, Riley Bove, Jessica L. Carpenter, Thomas Crawford, Janet Dean, Roberta DeBiasi, Jay Desai, Matthew J. Elrick, Raquel Farias-Moeller, Grace Y. Gombolay, Benjamin Greenberg, Matthew Harmelink, Sue Hong, Sarah E. Hopkins, Joyce Oleszek, Catherine Otten, Cristina L. Sadowsky, Teri L. Schreiner, Kiran T. Thakur, Keith Van Haren, Carolina M. Carballo, Pin Fee Chong, Amary Fall, Vykuntaraju K. Gowda, Jelte Helfferich, Ryutaro Kira, Ming Lim, Eduardo L. Lopez, Elizabeth M. Wells, E. Ann Yeh, Carlos A. Pardo
Summary: Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) is a polio-like illness mainly affecting children, characterized by muscle weakness. Diagnosis relies on identification of various clinical, neuroimaging, and cerebrospinal fluid characteristics, with patients often experiencing residual disability and requiring long-term rehabilitation. Future research focuses on evaluating host and pathogen factors to improve long-term outcomes in this population.
Review
Clinical Neurology
Darina Dinov, Jeffrey R. Donowitz
Summary: Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) is a rare neurological disorder that predominantly affects children, with no definitive prognostic factors or etiologies found yet. Treatment options are limited with supportive therapy being the most effective.
FRONTIERS IN NEUROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Microbiology
Michael J. Rudy, Joshua Frost, Penny Clarke, Kenneth L. Tyler
Summary: Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) can cause respiratory illness and paralysis. There is no known antiviral treatment for the associated paralysis, but experiments with virus-specific immunotherapy showed positive results. Therefore, early treatment is recommended for patients suspected to be infected with EV-D68 and presenting symptoms of paralysis.
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY
(2022)
Article
Virology
Joshua Frost, Michael J. Rudy, J. Smith Leser, Haozhou Tan, Yanmei Hu, Jun Wang, Penny Clarke, Kenneth L. Tyler
Summary: Recent outbreaks of EV-D68 in 2014, 2016, and 2018 have led to over 600 cases of a paralytic illness called AFM. AFM primarily affects children, lacks an FDA-approved treatment, and shows limited recovery from limb weakness in many patients.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2023)
Article
Veterinary Sciences
Fimme J. van der Wal, Rene P. Achterberg, Jeanet A. van der Goot, Annemieke Dinkla, Ruth Bossers-de Vries, Conny van Solt-Smits, Alex Bossers, Marloes Heijne
Summary: The study focused on developing a differentiating serological test for antibodies against Chlamydia species in chicken sera. A bead-based Luminex suspension array was constructed using peptides as antigens, which correctly identified antibodies and differentiated between different Chlamydia species in experimentally infected mice and chickens. Although interpretation of signals in field sera was difficult due to limited samples, results were supported by published data.
VETERINARY RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Microbiology
Tatsuki Ikuse, Yuta Aizawa, Hayato Takihara, Shujiro Okuda, Kanako Watanabe, Akihiko Saitoh
Summary: Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) causes various clinical manifestations and has caused global outbreaks since 2014. Novel PCR assays designed based on recent EV-D68 sequences have shown higher sensitivity and specificity, potentially leading to more accurate diagnosis of circulating EV-D68 strains. Continuous monitoring and updating of EV-D68-specific assays is essential to prepare for future outbreaks.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY
(2021)
Editorial Material
Microbiology
Megan Culler Freeman
Summary: This Commentary discusses the article by Rosenfeld et al. in the context of poliovirus epidemics, vaccination success, and its comparison to the current situation of acute flaccid myelitis. It also explores the relationship between nonpoliovirus enteroviruses, such as EV-D68 and EV-A71, and potential vaccination strategies.
Article
Virology
Syriam Sooksawasdi Na Ayudhya, Gregorius J. Sips, Susanne Bogers, Lonneke M. E. Leijten, Brigitta M. Laksono, Leonard C. Smeets, Andrea Bruning, Kimberley Benschop, Katja Wolthers, Debby van Riel, Corine H. GeurtsvanKessel
Summary: This study evaluated the value of a commercially available quantitative ELISA to detect EV-specific antibodies in paired CSF and blood samples. The results showed that a quantitative EV IgG ELISA in combination with Reiber diagram analysis and AI calculation can be used as a diagnostic tool for EV-associated CNS disease.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL VIROLOGY
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Syriam Sooksawasdi Na Ayudhya, Brigitta M. Laksono, Debby van Riel
Summary: EV-D68 first emerged in 2014, causing outbreaks of severe respiratory disease in children worldwide and being associated with the development of central nervous system complications. Subsequent research has highlighted the importance of understanding the pathogenesis of EV-D68, particularly in terms of systemic dissemination, CNS infection, and induction of AFM.
Editorial Material
Immunology
Endrit Shahini, Francesco Pesce, Antonella Argentiero, Antonio Giovanni Solimando
Summary: Vitamin D deficiency may be associated with increased severity of respiratory distress in COVID-19 infection, with potential effects on the immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Vitamin D supplementation could help reduce infection risk and improve immune function.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Infectious Diseases
Baljinder Singh, Sanchit Arora, Navjot Sandhu
Summary: Acute Flaccid Myelitis (AFM) is a neurological condition caused by Enterovirus 68 (EV-D68), resulting in lower limb paralysis and cranial nerve dysfunction. The disease is more prevalent in pediatric patients, but careful assessment and management can reduce mortality and paraplegia risk.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Ilse De Coster, Isabel Leroux-Roels, Ananda S. Bandyopadhyay, Christopher Gast, Kanchanamala Withanage, Katie Steenackers, Philippe De Smedt, Annelies Aerssens, Geert Leroux-Roels, M. Steven Oberste, Jennifer L. Konopka-Anstadt, William C. Weldon, Alan Fix, John Konz, Rahnuma Wahid, John Modlin, Ralf Clemens, Sue Ann Costa Clemens, Novilia S. Bachtiar, Pierre Van Damme
Summary: Two novel type 2 oral poliovirus vaccine candidates were developed to address ongoing polio outbreaks, and were found to be as safe, well tolerated, and immunogenic as the licensed Sabin monovalent OPV2 in previously vaccinated adults, supporting further evaluation in children and infants.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Xavier Saez-Llorens, Ananda S. Bandyopadhyay, Christopher Gast, Tirza De Leon, Rodrigo DeAntonio, Jose Jimeno, Maria Isabel Caballero, Gabriela Aguirre, M. Steven Oberste, William C. Weldon, Jennifer L. Konopka-Anstadt, John Modlin, Novilia S. Bachtiar, Alan Fix, John Konz, Ralf Clemens, Sue Ann Costa Clemens, Ricardo Ruttimann
Summary: The study showed that the two novel OPV2 candidates were safe, well tolerated, and immunogenic in children and infants. They could be an important addition to resources against poliovirus given the current epidemiological situation.
Article
Immunology
Christopher Gast, Ananda S. Bandyopadhyay, Xavier Saez-Llorens, Tirza De Leon, Rodrigo DeAntonio, Jose Jimeno, Gabriela Aguirre, Larin M. McDuffie, Elizabeth Coffee, Demetrius L. Mathis, M. Steven Oberste, William C. Weldon, Jennifer L. Konopka-Anstadt, John Modlin, Novilia S. Bachtiar, Alan Fix, John Konz, Ralf Clemens, Sue Ann Costa Clemens, Ricardo Ruttimann
Summary: The study assessed viral fecal shedding from infants administered different poliovirus vaccines, showing decreased shedding post-vaccination and induction of intestinal immunity.
JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Lijuan Wang, Terry Fei Fan Ng, Christina J. Castro, Rachel L. Marine, Laura C. Magana, Mathew Esona, Teresa C. T. Peret, Natalie J. Thornburg
Summary: The study successfully amplified whole genomes of HRSV using newly developed one-step RT-PCR and nested RT-PCR methods. Sequencing results showed a genome coverage exceeding 99.3% for 96 HRSV-positive samples. Phylogenetic analysis of genome sequences from 130 clinical specimens demonstrated a wide diversity of HRSV genotypes, highlighting the methodological robustness of the approach.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGICAL METHODS
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Xiaoyu Che, Mady Hornig, Michaeline Bresnahan, Camilla Stoltenberg, Per Magnus, Pal Suren, Siri Mjaaland, Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud, Ezra Susser, W. Ian Lipkin
Summary: This study suggests that immune activation may be a risk factor for autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and identifies potential immune biomarkers for early diagnosis. The findings highlight the importance of gestational immunopathology in ASD and reveal sex-specific differences.
MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY
(2022)
Article
Pathology
Abigail R. Armwood, Justin M. Stilwell, Terry Fei Fan Ng, Tonya M. Clauss, John H. Leary, Doug Mader, Alvin C. Camus
Summary: This report describes the pathological findings of a juvenile male tiger shark that developed illness after capture in Florida waters, with molecular confirmation of a novel herpes-like virus infection. The virus shared low homology with other fish alloherpesviruses, indicating a divergent virus.
VETERINARY PATHOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Rahnuma Wahid, Laina Mercer, Chris Gast, Tirza De Leon, Xavier Saez-Llorens, Alan Fix, Andrew Macadam, Laura Stephens, Konstantin Chumakov, Saskia L. Smits, Marta Murreddu, Jennifer L. Konopka-Anstadt, M. Steven Oberste, Cara C. Burns, Raul Andino, Novilia Sjafri Bachtiar, Erman Tritama, Ananda S. Bandyopadhyay, Gabriela Aguirre, Ricardo Ruttimann, John O. Konz
Summary: The development of novel oral poliovirus vaccine type 2 (nOPV2) aims to reduce disease occurrence and outbreaks related to genetic instability of Sabin vaccine strains. Clinical studies on children aged 1 to 5 years showed that shed nOPV2 strains have superior genetic and phenotypic stability compared to shed Sabin-2, suggesting that nOPV2 may result in less paralytic disease and lower risk of seeding new outbreaks.
Article
Virology
Pavithra Aravamudhan, Camila Guzman-Cardozo, Kelly Urbanek, Olivia L. Welsh, Jennifer L. Konopka-Anstadt, Danica M. Sutherland, Terence S. Dermody
Summary: The engagement of host receptors is crucial for viruses to infect target cells. However, the specific receptors mediating reovirus infection in the central nervous system (CNS) are unknown. This study found that neither JAM-A nor NgR1, two known receptors for reovirus, are required for the virus to infect the CNS in mice. Additionally, human NgR1 functions as a receptor for reovirus in vitro, while the mouse homolog does not. These findings suggest that reovirus utilizes unidentified receptors for CNS infection, highlighting the importance of understanding viral tropism for the development of antiviral interventions and gene therapy.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Eric E. Rhoden, Bernardo A. Mainou, Jennifer L. Konopka-Anstadt, M. Steven Oberste
Summary: In this study, an automated 384-well enterovirus microneutralization assay was developed, which increased testing throughput, reduced sample volume usage, and maintained the consistency with the standard 96-well assay. The assay demonstrated high levels of precision, reliability, and robustness, and can be used to assess the presence of EV-D68 neutralizing antibodies in human populations.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGICAL METHODS
(2022)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Rahnuma Wahid, Laina D. Mercer, Tirza De Leon, Rodrigo DeAntonio, Xavier Saez-Llorens, Andrew Macadam, Konstantin Chumakov, Jeroen Strating, Bjorn Koel, Jennifer L. Konopka-Anstadt, M. Steven Oberste, Cara C. Burns, Raul Andino, Erman Tritama, Ananda S. Bandyopadhyay, Gabriela Aguirre, Ricardo Ruttimann, Chris Gast, John O. Konz
Summary: This study evaluated the genetic and phenotypic stability of shed poliovirus following administration of mOPV2 or nOPV2. The results showed that nOPV2 had increased genetic stability and lower neurovirulence compared to mOPV2.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Khaelqu Zaman, Ananda S. Bandyopadhyay, Masuma Hoque, Christopher Gast, Mohammad Yunus, Khondoker M. Jamil, Bernardo A. Mainou, Jennifer L. Konopka-Anstadt, William S. Hendley, Annelet Vincent, Ralf Clemens, Sue Ann Costa Clemens, Allen G. Ross, John Clemens, Erman Tritama
Summary: A study conducted in Bangladesh found that newborn infants who received the novel type 2 oral poliovirus vaccine (nOPV2) had almost 99% of infants producing protective neutralizing antibodies. The vaccine showed good tolerability and immunogenicity in newborn infants.
Article
Immunology
Rahsan Erdem, Ilse De Coster, Kanchanamala Withanage, Laina D. Mercer, Arnaud Marchant, Martin Taton, Nathalie Cools, Eva Lion, Fred Cassels, Deborah Higgins, Karen Ivinson, Emily Locke, Kutub Mahmood, Peter F. Wright, Chris Gast, Jessica A. White, Margaret E. Ackerman, Jennifer L. Konopka-Anstadt, Bernardo A. Mainou, Pierre Van Damme
Summary: This study evaluated the intestinal immunity in healthy adults in Belgium conferred by a co-formulation of inactivated trivalent poliovirus vaccine (IPV) with mucosal adjuvant double mutant Labile Toxin (dmLT). The addition of dmLT did not affect both humoral and intestinal immunity, nor decrease fecal virus shedding following IPV vaccination. Further investigation with higher doses of dmLT may be needed to assess its impact on mucosal immunity.
Article
Immunology
Cynthia J. Snider, Khalequ Zaman, Amanda L. Wilkinson, Asma Binte Aziz, Mohammad Yunus, Warda Haque, Kathryn A. V. Jones, Ling Wei, Concepcion F. Estivariz, Jennifer L. Konopka-Anstadt, Bernardo A. Mainou, Jaymin C. Patel, Jacquelyn S. Lickness, Mark A. Pallansch, Steven G. F. Wassilak, M. Steven Oberste, Abhijeet Anand
Summary: This study found that fractional inactivated poliovirus vaccine (fIPV) given with monovalent oral poliovirus vaccine (mOPV1) improved intestinal immunity but not humoral immunity. One dose of mOPV1 induced higher humoral and intestinal immunity than bivalent OPV (bOPV).
Article
Microbiology
Darlene D. Wagner, Rachel L. Marine, Edward Ramos, Terry Fei Fan Ng, Christina J. Castro, Margaret Okomo-Adhiambo, Krysten Harvey, Gregory Doho, Reagan Kelly, Yatish Jain, Roman L. Tatusov, Hideky Silva, Paul A. Rota, Agha N. Khan, M. Steven Oberste
Summary: VPipe is an automated bioinformatics pipeline for analyzing NGS data and performing whole-genome assembly and species identification of viral sequences. It offers a user-friendly interface with advanced search capabilities for reviewing results. Additionally, VPipe provides a centralized system for storing and analyzing NGS data, expediting public health responses to viral outbreaks and pathogen surveillance.
MICROBIOLOGY SPECTRUM
(2022)