Environmental applications of metal stable isotopes: Silver, mercury and zinc

With developments in multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS), applications of metal stable isotopes received increasing attentions in the studies of source and fate of heavy metals in the environment. In light of the rapid progresses in this emerging field, we attempted to review the recent findings comprehensively in a way that environmental scientists can easily read. This review started with an introduction of basic terminologies in isotope geochemistry, followed with detailed descriptions of instrumentation and analytical procedures, and finally focused on the cases of three typical metal stable isotopes (Ag, Hg and Zn) to illustrate how they were applied to address environmental issues. Additionally, future perspectives on the applicability, opportunities, and limitations of metal stable isotope techniques as novel approaches in advancing environmental chemistry were discussed. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.