Article
Mechanics
M. Surendran, Changkye Lee, H. Nguyen-Xuan, G. R. Liu, Sundararajan Natarajan
Summary: The study introduces a technique of constructing polygonal elements based on the cell-based smoothed finite element method for modeling problems involving material interfaces. By increasing the number of nodes in the interface region to reduce the degrees of freedom in the system, while using a coarse mesh in other areas, the method maintains accuracy. It allows for independent representation of the interface, providing greater freedom in meshing.
ENGINEERING FRACTURE MECHANICS
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Leon Herrmann, Lars P. Mikkelsen, Brian N. Legarth, Fabian Duddeck, Christian F. Niordson
Summary: The study presents a new 2D finite element model for identifying axial and transverse stiffness degradation of parallel tunneling cracks in various orientations, which is faster and more efficient compared to traditional models, and introduces some new findings about carbon fiber composite materials.
COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Kamran A. Khan, Falah Al Hajeri, Muhammad Ali Khan
Summary: This study presents a micromechanical model-based finite element modeling framework to predict the electromechanical properties of architected piezoelectric composites. The results show a good agreement between the proposed modeling approach and analytical models, and an excellent agreement with micromechanics results employing periodic boundary conditions. It is concluded that the proposed modeling approach is effective in predicting the properties of architected PCs.
SMART MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
(2021)
Article
Mechanics
Hemanth Thandaga Nagaraju, Bhavani Sankar, Nam-Ho Kim, Ghatu Subhash
Summary: It is easier to generate finite element meshes of complicated geometries using voxel-based meshes compared to conformal meshes. However, voxel-based meshes tend to have higher local stresses due to artificial stress concentration caused by jagged lines approximating a curve. In this study, we propose a method that addresses this issue and accurately predicts the maximum von Mises stress in voxel-based meshes. The method is based on the variation of reciprocal of stresses and associated numerical gradient. We compare the prediction of the proposed method with results from a conformal mesh and verify its accuracy using different mesh densities, material properties, and integration schemes.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2022)
Article
Mechanics
Wei Xiang, Xin Li, Hua Ni, Bo Liu
Summary: This study performed stress predictions of fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites using a hierarchical quadrature element method. The sensitivity of the model to interface properties was investigated, and the process of determining optimal interface parameters for micromechanical analysis was elaborated. The accuracy of the model was validated by comparing with analytical results, and the microstructural behavior and mechanisms related to global failure were analyzed. This work establishes the foundations for a promising approach for fracture analysis of composites.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Yang Chen, Tian Nan, Gun Jin Yun, Chao Zhang
Summary: This paper presents a newly proposed viscoelastic-viscoplastic constitutive model based on micro-mechanical modeling for characterizing the mechanical behaviors of fiber-reinforced composites. The model has been validated using numerical simulations and experimental results, and it shows good predictions of the viscoelastic-viscoplastic behaviors of the composites.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Wenqiong Tu, Qiang Chen
Summary: This study investigates the homogenized and localized responses of multi-layered piezoelectric materials with wavy architecture under full electro-mechanical loading, using the FVDAM and finite element model. The results from these two methods show good agreement, with the finite volume-based approach demonstrating better numerical convergence.
JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT MATERIAL SYSTEMS AND STRUCTURES
(2021)
Article
Mechanics
Ziwei Li, Junjie Ye, Yiwei Wang, Lu Liu, Yang Shi, Yang Li, Jianqiao Ye
Summary: In this paper, a novel micromechanical modeling framework is proposed to study the mechanical properties of a multiphase magnetostrictive composite under a multi-field coupling environment. A nonlinear constitutive equation considering mechanical-magneto-thermal condition is presented. The material's representative volume element (RVE) is discretized using parametric elements to obtain local stress distribution. The macroscopic strain responses under magnetic field loading are predicted using the homogenization technique and considering local equilibrium. The numerical results are compared with experimental data.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Mechanics
Laura Miller, Raimondo Penta
Summary: In this work, we investigate the influence of microstructure on elastic parameters in poroelastic materials. Comparing with a standard poroelastic approach, we consider the effects of multiple elastic and fluid phases based on the LMRP model. By using the asymptotic homogenization approach, we summarize both the LMRP model and the standard approach, and provide the required 3D and 2D boundary loads for numerical simulations. Our results show that the LMRP model is more appropriate for poroelastic composite materials with porosity exceeding 5%, especially in terms of Young's moduli E1 and E3 and the shear C44. When the porosity exceeds 20%, it should also be used for investigating the shear C66. For materials with porosity less than 5%, both the standard poroelastic approach and the LMRP model yield the same results.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MECHANICS A-SOLIDS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Danhui Yang, Yu Sun, Zhibo Yang, Xuefeng Chen, Chenxi Wang
Summary: In this study, a new multiscale micromechanical model based on FVDAM theory and MD simulation was developed to describe interfacial debonding phenomena in unidirectional composites. Experimental data and numerical simulations were used to validate the model, demonstrating its effectiveness and potential applications in composite design and manufacturing. The effects of thermal residual stress and fiber orientations were also revealed, providing valuable insights for composite materials.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Thermodynamics
L. E. Barraza de Leon, H. Camacho-Montes, Y. Espinosa-Almeyda, J. A. Otero, R. Rodriguez-Ramos, J. C. Lopez-Realpozo, F. J. Sabina
Summary: A 3D semi-analytical finite element method (SAFEM) was developed to calculate the effective properties of piezoelectric fiber-reinforced composites, with predictions validating the approach. Results showed consistency with literature findings, and analysis indicated effective properties should remain constant under constant volume fraction conditions.
CONTINUUM MECHANICS AND THERMODYNAMICS
(2021)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Siyu Wu, Sukhoon Pyo
Summary: Recently, microparticles have been shown to enhance the damping performance of cementitious composites, evaluated by the damping loss factor. Although previous studies have analyzed the damping loss factors of microparticle-reinforced composites to determine optimal mixing proportions, there is currently no efficient numerical analysis method available. Here, a micromechanical three-phase model and finite element strain energy method were applied to analyze the damping loss factor of cementitious composites reinforced with hollow sphere and flake-shaped microparticles. This research demonstrates that the finite element strain energy method can effectively estimate the damping loss factor of cementitious composites with microparticles, with less than 0.1% error between experimental and simulation results.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Saman Sayahlatifi, Zahra Zaiemyekeh, Chenwei Shao, Andre McDonald, James D. Hogan
Summary: 3D micro-scale finite element models were developed to analyze the failure mechanisms and behavior of CSAM Al-Al2O3 composites under different stress states. The models quantified the matrix ductile failure, particle cracking, and matrix/particle debonding mechanisms based on crack volume fraction, fraction of cracked particles, and fraction of debonded interfacial nodes. The models were validated and used to study the effects of particle content and size on material behavior. The results showed that the failure mechanisms are activated in a specific order and that particle size minimally affects the material strength and flow stress under shear. This work provides a better understanding of the stress-state-dependent evolution of failure mechanisms and has implications for the design of improved Al-Al2O3 composites.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Pouria Hajikarimi, Alireza Sadat Hosseini, Elham H. Fini
Summary: This study utilized a heterogeneous micromechanical model to evaluate the thermal cracking resistance of bituminous composites containing granular particulates, and successfully predicted their thermal cracking characteristics through numerical simulations. The model's calculated results showed good agreement with experimental measurements, providing theoretical support for the design of bituminous composites with desired cracking resistance properties.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Pedro Vinicius Sousa Machado, Ferhun C. Caner, Luis Llanes, Emilio Jimenez Pique
Summary: In this study, the mechanical behavior of tungsten carbide-cobalt (WC-Co) composites under monotonic loads is extensively investigated using nanoindentation tests, tension tests on nanowires, and compression tests on micropillars. A novel computational framework is proposed, consisting of two different microplane constitutive models for the WC and Co phases. Finite element simulations based on experimental tomography re-constructions are employed to validate the models and provide further insights into the mechanical behavior of these composites.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRACTORY METALS & HARD MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Qiang Chen, Weiqiu Chen, Guannan Wang
Summary: This study investigates the effective and localized electro-magneto-elastic behavior of periodic unidirectional composites using the FVDAM method, which is validated and tested for its efficiency and accuracy.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Wenqiong Tu, Qiang Chen
Summary: This study investigates the homogenized and localized responses of multi-layered piezoelectric materials with wavy architecture under full electro-mechanical loading, using the FVDAM and finite element model. The results from these two methods show good agreement, with the finite volume-based approach demonstrating better numerical convergence.
JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT MATERIAL SYSTEMS AND STRUCTURES
(2021)
Article
Mechanics
Jindong Jiang, Jiawei Zhao, Shanmin Pang, Fodil Meraghni, Ali Siadat, Qiang Chen
Summary: The surface effects based on the Gurtin-Murdoch interface model are incorporated into a physics-informed deep neural network (DNN) for the first time to discover the size-dependent mechanical response in nanoscale structures. The DNN technique shows comparable accuracy to analytical and finite element-based results without noticeable stress discontinuities, demonstrating its potential as an alternative means of identifying surface elasticity effects. Additionally, the DNN approach allows for handling both forward and inverse problems within the same framework, showcasing its versatility and strength.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOLIDS AND STRUCTURES
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Qiang Chen, Fodil Meraghni, George Chatzigeorgiou
Summary: This paper presents two generalized zeroth-order asymptotic homogenization schemes for analyzing the multiphysics properties of fuzzy fiber-reinforced composites. Numerical simulations confirm the accuracy of these methods.
JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT MATERIAL SYSTEMS AND STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Mechanics
Qiang Chen, George Chatzigeorgiou, Fodil Meraghni, Ali Javili
Summary: Surface piezoelectricity has been incorporated into the simulation of nanoporous materials using different models and methods, revealing size-dependent multiphysics responses. The accuracy of the computational approaches was verified through the generalized Kirsch problem, showing that homogenized properties predicted by different methods are similar for most parameters and dimensions, except for the transverse shear moduli.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MECHANICS A-SOLIDS
(2022)
Article
Mechanics
Qiang Chen, George Chatzigeorgiou, Gilles Robert, Fodil Meraghni
Summary: An accelerated micromechanics framework is proposed for predicting the homogenized response of short glass fiber-reinforced polyamide 66 composites under a large number of loading cycles. The framework incorporates the extended Mori-Tanaka transformation field analysis and cycle jump technique, taking into account microscopic viscoelastic-viscoplastic and damage mechanisms, as well as realistic microstructures induced by the injection molding process.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Wenqiong Tu, Shuaijun Wang, Qiang Chen
Summary: The Finite-Volume Direct Averaging Micromechanics (FVDAM) method is extended to predict the nonlinear behaviors of unidirectional boron/aluminum (B/Al) composites considering plastic deformation and ductile damage. The convergence of homogenized and local response generated by the new FVDAM damage framework is demonstrated using different mesh discretizations under various loading paths. The reliability of the developed approach is verified by comparing with experimental results and the model's potential to capture complex loading conditions is demonstrated.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DAMAGE MECHANICS
(2023)
Article
Mechanics
Qiang Chen, George Chatzigeorgiou, Fodil Meraghni
Summary: This paper proposes an extended Mori-Tanaka approach to study the piezoelectric response of unidirectional nanoporous composites with energetic surfaces. The simulation includes the consideration of interface using the generalized Gurtin-Murdoch coherent interface model. Analytical solutions for Eshelby's inhomogeneity problems are obtained and the extended multiphysics Mori-Tanaka homogenization scheme is utilized. Comparison with other methods shows the reliability and accuracy of the proposed approach.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Jindong Jiang, Jiajun Wu, Qiang Chen, George Chatzigeorgiou, Fodil Meraghni
Summary: For the first time, the elements of the periodic homogenization framework and deep neural network were combined to construct a new micromechanics theory called Deep Homogenization Network (DHN) for thermoconductive composites. This method utilizes a two-scale expansion of the temperature field to describe spatially uniform composites, with the fluctuating contributions estimated using deep neural network layers. The DHN is trained to obtain the fluctuating temperature field over the unit cell domain by minimizing a cost function based on residuals of heat conduction differential equations.
COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Mechanics
Zhelong He, Jie Liu, Qiang Chen
Summary: In this work, a higher-order asymptotic homogenization method (AHM) is developed for efficient multiscale analysis of piezoelectric composite structures. The method solves the microscale problem at each order of expansion to obtain microfluctuation functions and effective properties, which are then used to solve the macroscale governing differential equations. The developed algorithm significantly saves computational cost compared with direct numerical solution (DNS) when a large number of inclusions are included in piezocomposites.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOLIDS AND STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Xiaoyu Zhao, Jinhui Wang, Qiang Chen, Haobin Jiang, Caifeng Chen, Wenqiong Tu
Summary: In this article, the impact of poling direction and microstructure geometric parameters on the homogenized electromechanical properties of PZT-7A/PVDF multilayered wavy composites is explored using the Multiphysics FVDAM for the first time. Additionally, a comprehensive parametric study is conducted to evaluate the performance of the piezoelectric composites, and the Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm is proposed to optimize the microstructure geometric parameters.
MECHANICS OF ADVANCED MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Mechanics
Qiang Chen, Xiaoxiao Du, Wei Wang, George Chatzigeorgiou, Fodil Meraghni, Gang Zhao
Summary: An isogeometric homogenization theory is presented for efficiently identifying the homogenized and local creep and relaxation response of linearly viscoelastic polymer composites. The theory utilizes exact geometric representations to construct periodic unit cell microstructures and obtains the homogenized response through transformation and reverse techniques.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Qiang Chen, Zhelong He
Summary: The finite-volume direct averaging micromechanics (FVDAM) method is extended to simulate the superelastic and plastic response of shape memory composites. The homogenized stress-strain response and local field variables generated by FVDAM are validated against the exact solution under axisymmetric loading conditions. An in-house finite-element code is developed to assess the accuracy of FVDAM theory in simulating wavy multilayers. Parametric studies are conducted to quantify the effect of microstructural parameters on the nonlinear response of multilayers. The differences in the nonlinear stress-strain response of multilayers are rooted in the effective stress differences that alter the phase transformation.
MECHANICS OF ADVANCED MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Mechanics
Jiajun Wu, Jindong Jiang, Qiang Chen, George Chatzigeorgiou, Fodil Meraghni
Summary: We present a deep learning framework, called physics-informed Deep Homogenization Networks (DHN), for predicting the local stress field and homogenized moduli of heterogeneous materials with periodicity. The framework utilizes computational homogenization expertise and new techniques to ensure accurate satisfaction of boundary conditions. Experimental results demonstrate the high accuracy of the proposed model in stress field recovery for composites and unit cells with locally irregular fibers.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOLIDS AND STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Qiang Chen, George Chatzigeorgiou, Gilles Robert, Fodil Meraghni
Summary: This paper proposes an original probabilistic micromechanics damage framework based on the MT-TFA techniques to predict the stress-strain responses in short fiber-reinforced polyamide composites. The framework can simulate the actual fiber arrangement and accurately capture the experimentally observed damage mechanisms.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Mechanics
Rawan Aqel, Patrick Severson, Rani Elhajjar
Summary: A novel core splice joint configuration for composite sandwich structures is studied and proposed to improve the strength and toughness. Experimental and numerical efforts show that this configuration can significantly increase the ultimate strength by 13% to 51% and the toughness by 2% to 35%.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)
Article
Mechanics
Xianheng Wang, Cong Chen, Jinsong Zhang, Xinming Qiu
Summary: In this paper, a new form-finding method based on spatial elastica model (FMSE) is proposed for elastic gridshells. The method integrates the deformations of elastic rods into the overall deformation of the gridshell, and solves a set of transcendental equations using the quasi-Newton method to ensure the deformation satisfies the given boundary conditions. The method is validated through experiments and expected to have potential applications in the investigations of elastic gridshells.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)
Article
Mechanics
Hao Huang, Zitong Guo, Zhongde Shan, Zheng Sun, Jianhua Liu, Dong Wang, Wang Wang, Jiale Liu, Chenchen Tan
Summary: The conventional evaluation of 3D braided composites' mechanical properties through numerical and experimental methodologies hinders material application due to the expenses, time constraints, and laborious efforts involved. This study establishes a multi-scale finite element model and a surrogate model for predicting the elastic properties of 3D4D rotary braided composites with voids. By optimizing a neural network model, the results are validated and provide valuable insights into the microstructure and properties of these composites.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)
Article
Mechanics
Xinyu Li, Hao Zhang, Haiyang Yang, Junrong Luo, Zhongmin Xiao, Hongshuai Lei
Summary: Due to their excellent mechanical properties and design flexibility, fluted-core composite sandwich structures have gained significant attention in aerospace and rail transit applications. This study investigated the free-vibration characteristics and optimized design of composite fluted-core sandwich cylinders through theoretical models and experimental tests.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)
Article
Mechanics
Chao Li, Chunzheng Duan, Xiaodong Tian, Chao Wang
Summary: A mechanistic model considering the bottom edge cutting effect and the anisotropic characteristics of the material is proposed in this paper to accurately predict cutting forces. The model was validated through a series of milling experiments and can be used to predict the cutting force of various parts of the cutter and any feed direction.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)
Article
Mechanics
Camila Sanches Schimidt, Leopoldo Pisanelli Rodrigues de Oliveira, Carlos De Marqui Jr
Summary: This work investigates the vibro-acoustic performance of graded piezoelectric metamaterial plates. The study shows that piezoelectric metamaterial plates with reconfigurable properties can provide enhanced vibration and sound power attenuation.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)
Article
Mechanics
Jun Ke, Li-jie Liu, Zhen-yu Wu, Zhong-ping Le, Luo Bao, Dong-wei Luo
Summary: Compared with other green natural fibers, ramie has higher mechanical properties and lower cost. In this study, ramie and glass fiber are made into composite circular tubes. The results show that the hybrid circular tube with ramie and glass fiber has improved torsional mechanical properties and reduced weight and cost. The failure mechanisms are affected by the loading direction and the content of each fiber.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)
Article
Mechanics
Natalia Pingaro, Gabriele Milani
Summary: This paper proposes an enhanced analytical model for predicting the behavior of FRCM samples tested under standard tensile tests. The model takes into account the interaction between fibers and matrix through the interface, and assumes different material properties at different phases. By solving a second order linear differential equation, an analytical solution can be obtained. The model is validated with experimental data and shows good predictability.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)
Article
Mechanics
Jialiang Fan, Anastasios P. Vassilopoulos, Veronique Michaud
Summary: This article investigates the effects of voids, joint geometry, and test conditions on the fracture performance of thick adhesive Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) joints. It concludes that grooved DCB joints with low void content tested at low displacement rates showed stable crack propagation without significant crack path deviation.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)
Article
Mechanics
Auwalu I. Mohammed, Kaarthikeyan Raghupathy, Osvaldo De Victoria Garcia Baltazar, Lawson Onokpasah, Roger Carvalho, Anders Mogensen, Farzaneh Hassani, James Njuguna
Summary: This study investigates the performance of composite pressure vessels under damaged and undamaged conditions, providing insights into their reliability and residual strength capabilities. The results demonstrate that the damage profile and its effect on compressive strength are similar between damaged and non-damaged cylinders. When subjected to quasi-static compression, the polyethylene liner absorbs enough elastic strain energy to recover without plastic deformation. Additionally, quasi-static compression has little to no influence on the axial strength of the cylinders. The damage characterization reveals fiber breakage, delamination, local buckling, and brooming failure. This study has direct implications for the safety design tolerances, manufacturing strategies, and operational failure conditions of composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPVs).
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)
Article
Mechanics
Muhammad Irfan Shirazi, Samir Khatir, Djilali Boutchicha, Magd Abdel Wahab
Summary: Structural health monitoring is important to ensure the safety of components and structures. This study proposes a method using finite element models and 1D-CNN network to extract and classify vibration responses for crack detection. The results show that the proposed approach is effective in real-time damage detection.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)
Article
Mechanics
Maryam Mirsalehi, Kiarash Kianpour, Sharif Shahbeyk, Mohammad Bakhshi
Summary: This study comprehensively investigates the one-way response of 3D-woven sandwich panels (3DWSPs) and their interfering parameters, providing interpretation of elastic and failure results, failure maps, and reliable theoretical models for linear elastic response and observed failure mechanisms.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)
Article
Mechanics
Yiming Zhao, Zhonggang Wang, Zhigang Yang, Bin Qin
Summary: The paper proposes a Ritz and statistical energy analysis (Ritz SEA) hybrid method for calculating rectangular plate acoustic vibration coupling in the mid-frequency range. This method combines the fast convergence and ability to handle arbitrary boundary conditions of the Ritz method with the power flow equation of the statistical energy analysis method. The results show that this approach effectively filters out random fluctuations in mid-frequency domains while demonstrating exceptional stability and precision.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)
Article
Mechanics
Joao Henrique Fonseca, Woojung Jang, Dosuck Han, Naksoo Kim, Hyungyil Lee
Summary: This study addresses the enhancement of an injection-molded fiber-reinforced plastic / metal hybrid automotive structure and its plastic injection molding process through the integration of the finite element method, artificial intelligence, and evolutionary search methods. Experimental validation of finite element models, the generation of a database through orthogonal array and Latin hypercube methods, and the training of artificial neural networks are conducted. The genetic optimization algorithm is then applied to identify optimal process parameters. The results show significant reduction in product warpage and manufacturing time while maintaining structural strength, contributing to the advancement of composite automotive structures with superior quality.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)
Article
Mechanics
Alessandro Vescovini, Carina Xiaochen Li, Javier Paz Mendez, Bo Cheng Jin, Andrea Manes, Chiara Bisagni
Summary: This paper presents a study on six single-stringer specimens manufactured using the card-sliding technique with non-crimp fabrics and adopting a Double-Double (DD) stacking sequence. The specimens were tested under compression loading conditions to investigate post-buckling and failure in aerospace structures. Experimental results and numerical simulations were compared to analyze the behavior and failure modes of the specimens. The study found promising evidence of a viable solution to optimize aeronautical structures and enhance resistance to skin-stringer separation, particularly with the use of tapered flanges.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2024)
