Chemical structure and snake antivenom properties of sulfated agarans obtained from Laurencia dendroidea (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta)

Aqueous and KCl-soluble polysaccharides were extracted from Laurencia dendroidea (Rhodomelaceae, Ceramiales) and their chemical profile was accessed by anion-exchange chromatography, chemical and spectroscopic analyses. The homogeneous agaran DHS-4 (181.3 x 10(3) g. mol(-1), 21.3% of NaSO3) presents A units mostly 2-sulfated (18.9 mol%), nonsubstituted (15.3 mol%) and 6-O-methylated (10.1 mol%), while B units are c-sugars composed predominantly by galactose 6-sulfate precursor units (19.2 mol%) and 3,6-anhydrogalactose (13.8 mol%), besides non-precursor galactose 6-sulfate units bearing u-xylose substituents on C-3 (8.1 mol%). The crude KCl-soluble DHS agaran (20.5% of NaSO3) inhibited proteolysis and hemolysis induced by Lachesis mum and Bothrops jararaca venoms. DHS was able to inhibit up to 75% the L. muta venom hemorrhagic effect and to reduce the lethality displayed by B. jararaca venom, increasing the mice survival time up to 3 times. Therefore, this agaran has high potential to be used as an additional tool to treat snakebite envenomation.