Raw plant-based biorefinery: A new paradigm shift towards biotechnological approach to sustainable manufacturing of HMF

Unlike petrorefinery, biorefinery uses carbon-based biomaterials, such as plant feedstocks, as the major feeding input materials in chemical manufacturing. To date, petroleum-based resources have been used for the production of wide spectrums of chemical products. However, petrorefinery is currently associated with a variety of issues, i.e., concerns over adverse impacts on the environment and human society. As an alternative technology, the sustainable biorefinery is a matter of great importance in industrial chemical manufacturing due primarily to its sustainability. As carbon-based resources, plants are paramount biomaterials for biorefinery process required in sustainable chemical manufacturing. In particular, raw plant-based biorefinery is a breakthrough technology for chemical manufacturing due mainly to its sustainable benefits. Nowadays, numerous biorefinery technologies have been developed for the production of industrially valuable chemicals. HMF, a versatile platform chemical, can be produced by dehydrating hexose sugars using raw plant feedstocks such as inulin-rich, starch-rich, and lignocellulosic plants and now, it is generally recognized as a chemical feedstock for future chemical manufacturing and bioenergy production. In this review article, this emerging hybrid technology is discussed in relation to the production of HMF from raw plant feedstocks mentioned above. In addition, the plant candidates useful for biorefinery processing of raw plant feedstocks are introduced and bioengineering strategy for their genetic modification is together described to provide current knowledge on sustainable biorefinery.