Exposures to Air Pollution and Noise from Multi-Modal Commuting in a Chinese City

Background: Modern urban travel includes mixtures of transit options, which potentially impact individual pollution exposures and health. This study aims to investigate variations in traffic-related air pollution and noise levels experienced in traffic in Chengdu, China. Methods: Real-time PM2.5, black carbon ( BC), and noise levels were measured for four transportation modes ( car, bus, subway, and shared bike) on scripted routes in three types of neighborhoods ( urban core, developing neighborhood, and suburb). Each mode of transportation in each neighborhood was sampled five times in summer and winter, respectively. After quality control, mixed effect models were built for the three pollutants separately. Results: Air pollutants had much higher concentrations in winter. Urban Core had the highest PM2.5 and BC concentrations across seasons compared to the other neighborhoods. The mixed effect model indicated that car commutes were associated with lower PM2.5 ( -34.4 mu g/m(3); 95% CI: -47.5, -21.3), BC ( -2016.4 ng/m(3); 95% CI: -3383.8, -648.6), and noise ( -9.3 dBA; 95% CI: -10.5, -8.0) levels compared with other modes; subway commutes had lower PM2.5 ( -11.9 mu g/m(3); 95% CI: 47.5, -21.3), but higher BC ( 2349.6 ng/m(3); 95% CI: 978.1, 3722.1) and noise ( 3.0 dBA; 95% CI: 1.7, 4.3) levels than the other three modes of transportation. Conclusion: Personal exposure to air pollution and noise vary by season, neighborhood, and transportation modes. Exposure models accounting for environmental, meteorological, and behavioral factors, and duration of mixed mode commuting may be useful for health studies of urban traffic microenvironments.