Article
Chemistry, Physical
G. M. Ferguson, Run Xiao, Anthony R. R. Richardella, David Low, Nitin Samarth, Katja C. C. Nowack
Summary: Magnetic imaging reveals that a transport current flows in the interior of Cr-(Bi,Sb)(2)Te-3 samples within the quantum anomalous Hall regime, contrary to the common assumption of current flow along the sample edge. The current distributions that give rise to transport quantization in quantum anomalous Hall insulators are unknown. However, magnetic imaging has been used to directly visualize the transport current and suggest that the current flows through incompressible regions whose spatial structure can change throughout the quantum anomalous Hall regime.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Aijing Lv, Mingyong Wang, Haotian Shi, Songle Lu, Jintao Zhang, Shuqiang Jiao
Summary: A lightweight Al battery for fast storage of fluctuating energy is constructed based on a novel hierarchical porous dendrite-free carbon aerogel film anode and an integrated graphite composite carbon aerogel film cathode. The CAF anode induces uniform Al deposition with the help of O-containing functional groups. The GCAF cathode has a higher mass utilization ratio and better cycling stability.
ADVANCED MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Artur Nosalewicz, Karolina Okon, Maria Skorupka
Summary: This study evaluates the effects of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) components on the response of Arabidopsis thaliana to fluctuating light and water availability. It found that water deficit affects the dynamics of NPQ induced by fluctuating light and reduces plant capability to cope with it.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Lionel Renault, Patrick Marchesiello
Summary: Ocean tides can drag the atmosphere and cause tidal winds, which have implications for climate and energy in many shelf regions.
COMMUNICATIONS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT
(2022)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Nieves G. Valiente, Andrew Saulter, Breogan Gomez, Christopher Bunney, Jian-Guo Li, Tamzin Palmer, Christine Pequignet
Summary: The Met Office operational wave forecasting model system provides global and regional forecasts up to 7 days ahead. The system uses the third-generation spectral wave model WAVEWATCH III (R) and includes several updates developed by the Met Office. Model evaluation shows slightly overestimated wave heights in coastal mid-range conditions but improved representation of extremes in the regional model. Wave-current effects help capture the distribution of energy near the coast, with implications for beach safety and shoreline evolution.
GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT
(2023)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Kengo Nishi, Fred C. MacKintosh, Christoph F. Schmidt
Summary: The mechanical properties of soft materials can be probed on small length scales by filament-based microrheology using high-aspect-ratio semiflexible filaments as less invasive probes. By imaging transverse bending modes, the micromechanical response of the medium can be simultaneously determined on multiple length scales. The use of semiflexible single-walled carbon nanotubes as probes allows for accurate and rapid imaging with stable near-IR fluorescence, providing results in good agreement with conventional micro- and macrorheology measurements of viscoelastic properties of solutions such as sucrose, polyethylene oxide, and hyaluronic acid.
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
(2021)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Sini Rahuman, A. Mohamed Ismail, Shyla Manavalan Varghese, George Kwamina Toworfe, Bashyam Sasikumar
Summary: This paper studies the characteristics of Rhizophora mangrove root structures and their efficiency in dissipating heavy wind. By simulating wind flow around these roots, it is found that these structures have a significant impact on severe and intense wind flow, reducing the velocity by more than 80%.
JOURNAL OF NANOMATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Hui Zhou, William Dewar, Wenlong Yang, Hengchang Liu, Xu Chen, Rui Li, Chenglong Liu, Ganesh Gopalakrishnan
Summary: Symmetric instability is a mechanism that transfers geostrophic kinetic energy to overturning and dissipation, typically found at the ocean surface or near topographic boundary layers. Observational evidence from microstructure measurements in the northwestern equatorial Pacific thermocline shows enhanced dissipation caused by symmetric instability away from boundaries. The results suggest a new route to energy dissipation for large scale currents and a new ocean turbulent mixing process in the ocean interior.
COMMUNICATIONS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT
(2022)
Article
Plant Sciences
Leonardo Basso, Kazuma Sakoda, Ryouhei Kobayashi, Wataru Yamori, Toshiharu Shikanai
Summary: This study demonstrates that overexpressing K+ exchange antiporter 3 (KEA3) and introducing Flv proteins can alleviate photodamage of photosystem I and enhance the rate of CO2 fixation under fluctuating light conditions.
Article
Oceanography
Neil Malan, Moninya Roughan, Geoffrey J. J. Stanley, Ryan Holmes, Junde Li
Summary: Cross-shelf transport plays a crucial role in the heat, salt, and nutrient budgets of the continental shelf. This study uses a high-resolution regional ocean model to investigate the dynamics of cross-shelf volume transport in the East Australian Current System. The results reveal two distinct regimes of cross-shelf transport and provide insights into the driving mechanisms.
JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
(2022)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Giovanna Vittori, Paolo Blondeaux
Summary: This article describes the characteristics of bedforms generated by the interaction of tidal currents with a cohesionless sea bottom and reviews different physically based models to predict their features. Ripples, dunes, sand waves, long bed waves, and sand banks are considered, and empirical formulas are suggested whenever possible to predict their geometrical characteristics.
EARTH-SCIENCE REVIEWS
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Xinmin Li, Rongsheng Wang, Can Huang, Quanming Lu, San Lu, J. L. Burch, Shui Wang
Summary: This study establishes a quantitative relationship between energy conversion and current density in turbulent plasma based on Magnetospheric Multiscale mission data. The results reveal that magnetic energy is primarily released in the perpendicular directions, and ions acquire most of the released energy in weak current regions, while electrons significantly energize in strong currents.
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Biomedical
James A. Beauchamp, Gregory E. P. Pearcey, Obaid U. Khurram, Matthieu Chardon, Y. Curtis Wang, Randall K. Powers, Julius P. A. Dewald, C. J. Heckman
Summary: This study presents a novel geometric approach to estimate the contribution of neuromodulatory and inhibitory inputs to motor unit (MU) discharge. By exploiting the discharge nonlinearities introduced by persistent inward currents (PIC) amplification, we quantify the deviation from linear discharge (brace height) and the rate of change in discharge (acceleration slope, attenuation slope, angle). These metrics provide intuitive methods for assessing neuromodulatory and inhibitory drive to individual MUs.
JOURNAL OF NEURAL ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Dylan Anderson, A. Spicer Bak, Katherine L. Brodie, Nicholas Cohn, Rob A. Holman, John Stanley
Summary: This study presents a new technique, WAMFlow, for processing nearshore current imagery to reveal complex circulation patterns. By utilizing wave-averaged movies (WAM) and optical flow tracking residual features, the method successfully captures longshore currents, rip currents, and gyres within the nearshore flow.
Article
Physics, Applied
A. Gupta, R. S. Crum, C. Zhai, K. T. Ramesh, R. C. Hurley
Summary: Understanding particle-scale dynamics in granular materials during rapid compaction and flow is crucial for various applications. A new method using 2D x-ray imaging has been introduced to determine time-resolved 3D particle-scale dynamics, revealing complex velocity and porosity fields evolving heterogeneously. This technique can be applied to studying granular dynamics during rapid compaction events and rearrangements during slower non-quasi-static flows.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS
(2021)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Mark J. Bowick, Nikta Fakhri, M. Cristina Marchetti, Sriram Ramaswamy
Summary: This article outlines current and emerging directions in active matter research, aiming to provide a pedagogical introduction for newcomers to the field and a road map of open challenges and future directions for established researchers.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Nils E. Strand, Hadrien Vroylandt, Todd R. Gingrich
Summary: The study of Brownian ratchets has revealed the existence of a time-periodic steady state supported by time-periodic driving, which generates nonequilibrium transport. It is possible to rationalize the current in terms of the potential, even in systems with many interacting carriers.
JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Alexandre Solon, Jordan M. Horowitz
Summary: The study investigates the relationship between mobility and diffusivity in an active bath, and finds that the Einstein relation can approximately hold when a mechanically defined different temperature is used.
JOURNAL OF PHYSICS A-MATHEMATICAL AND THEORETICAL
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Alex Albaugh, Todd R. Gingrich
Summary: The authors simulated the movement of molecular motors under non-equilibrium conditions and developed a dynamic scheme to observe their cycles. By coarse graining the simulations, they identified inter-particle interactions that regulate the motor rates.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Nils E. Strand, Hadrien Vroylandt, Todd R. Gingrich
Summary: We present an approach based on binary tree tensor network (BTTN) states for computing steady-state current statistics for a many-particle 1D ratchet subject to volume exclusion interactions. By combining BTTN states with the time-dependent variational principle (TDVP) algorithm, the steady-state behavior, including both typical and rare trajectories, can be obtained, which is also applicable to other interacting lattice models with time-dependent driving.
JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Tzer Han Tan, Alexander Mietke, Junang Li, Yuchao Chen, Hugh Higinbotham, Peter J. Foster, Shreyas Gokhale, Jorn Dunkel, Nikta Fakhri
Summary: Researchers have discovered that swimming starfish embryos can spontaneously assemble into chiral crystals that persist for hours. The formation, dynamics, and dissolution of these living crystals are controlled by the hydrodynamic properties and natural development of the embryos. The living chiral crystals exhibit self-sustained chiral oscillations and unconventional deformation response behaviors, providing direct experimental evidence for the role of non-reciprocal interactions between multicellular organisms in non-equilibrium phases of chiral active matter.
Editorial Material
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Todd R. Gingrich
NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Hyun-Myung Chun, Jordan. M. M. Horowitz
Summary: We investigate the effects of logarithmic perturbations of reaction rates on chemical reaction networks driven far from equilibrium. Our findings show that the response of the average number of chemical species is limited by both number fluctuations and the maximum thermodynamic driving force. We provide evidence for these trade-offs in linear chemical reaction networks and a specific class of nonlinear chemical reaction networks with a single chemical species. Numerical results from various model systems suggest that these trade-offs hold for a wide range of chemical reaction networks, although their specific form seems to depend on the network's deficiency.
JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS
(2023)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Alexandru Bacanu, James F. Pelletier, Yoon Jung, Nikta Fakhri
Summary: In living systems, molecular interactions form multiscale structures that mediate processes in a close relationship between structure and function. However, their dynamics remain poorly characterized due to a lack of methods to quantify non-equilibrium activity. By measuring time-reversal asymmetry encoded in conformational dynamics of carbon nanotubes, we characterize the multiscale dynamics of non-equilibrium activity and relate it to physical parameters. Our analysis provides a general tool to characterize non-equilibrium activity in high-dimensional spaces.
NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jeremy A. Owen, Jordan M. Horowitz
Summary: Living organisms benefit from molecular sensitivity in key processes like DNA replication and chemical sensing. A simple structural quantity, the size of perturbation support, limits the sensitivity of biological processes, whether at or away from thermodynamic equilibrium. A novel non-equilibrium binding mechanism, nested hysteresis, with exponential sensitivity relative to the number of binding sites, has been discovered.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Mechanics
Freddy A. Cisneros, Nikta Fakhri, Jordan M. Horowitz
Summary: We propose and investigate a method for identifying timescales of dissipation in nonequilibrium steady states modeled as discrete-state Markov jump processes. The method is based on how the irreversibility, measured by the statistical breaking of time-reversal symmetry, varies under temporal coarse-graining. We observe a sigmoidal-like shape of the irreversibility as a function of the coarse-graining time, which allows us to develop a method for estimating the dissipative time scale from time-series data.
JOURNAL OF STATISTICAL MECHANICS-THEORY AND EXPERIMENT
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Alex Albaugh, Geyao Gu, Todd R. Gingrich
Summary: Simulations can unravel the complex relationship between molecular structure and function. In this study, we demonstrate how slight changes in a molecular motor's structure can reverse its typical dynamic behavior using molecular simulations. These findings highlight the potential of molecular simulation in guiding the development of artificial molecular motors.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2023)
Article
Physics, Fluids & Plasmas
Shreyas Gokhale, Junang Li, Alexandre Solon, Jeff Gore, Nikta Fakhri
Summary: A dynamic clustering phase is observed in mixtures of colloids and motile bacteria, where colloidal clustering is a result of the balance between bond breaking caused by persistent active motion and bond stabilization caused by torques that align active particle velocity tangentially to the passive particle surface.
Article
Physics, Fluids & Plasmas
Rueih-Sheng Fu, Todd R. Gingrich
Summary: This study explores TUR-like bounds in overdamped and underdamped Langevin dynamics using large deviation theory, offering a new perspective and approach. It is found that current fluctuations achieved by scaling time can provide a deeper understanding of the relationship between current and dissipation in non-equilibrium systems.
Article
Physics, Fluids & Plasmas
Qi Gao, Hyun-Myung Chun, Jordan M. Horowitz
Summary: We analyze the static response to perturbations of nonequilibrium steady states modeled as one-dimensional diffusions on the circle. We demonstrate that arbitrary perturbations can be decomposed into combinations of three specific classes of perturbations that can be effectively addressed individually. For each class, we derive simple formulas that quantitatively characterize the response in terms of the strength of nonequilibrium driving, valid even far from equilibrium.