Microstructural characterization of corticospinal tract in subacute and chronic stroke patients with distal lesions by means of advanced diffusion MRI

Purpose The aim of the paper is to evaluate if advanced dMRI techniques, including diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI), could provide novel insights into the subtle microarchitectural modifications occurring in the corticospinal tract (CST) of stroke patients in subacute and chronic phases. Methods Seventeen subjects (age 68 +/- 11 years) in the subacute phase (14 +/- 3 days post-stroke), 10 of whom rescanned in the chronic phase (231 +/- 36 days post-stroke), were enrolled. Images were acquired using a 3-T MRI scanner with a two-shell EPI protocol (20 gradient directions, b = 700 s/mm(2), 3 b = 0; 64 gradient directions, b = 2000 s/mm(2), 9 b = 0). DTI-, DKI-, and NODDI-derived parameters were calculated in the posterior limb of the internal capsule (PLIC) and in the cerebral peduncle (CP). Results In the subacute phase, a reduction of FA, AD, and KA values was correlated with an increase of ODI, RD, and AK parameters, in both the ipsilesional PLIC and CP, suggesting that increased fiber dispersion can be the main structural factor. In the chronic phase, a reduction of FA and an increase of ODI persisted in the ipsilesional areas. This was associated with reduced F-ic and increased MD, with a concomitant reduction of MK and increase of RD, suggesting that fiber reduction, possibly due to nerve degeneration, could play an important role. Conclusions This study shows that advanced dMRI approaches can help elucidate the underpinning architectural modifications occurring in the CST after stroke. Further follow-up studies on bigger cohorts are needed to evaluate if DKI- and NODDI-derived parameters might be proposed as complementary biomarkers of brain microstructural alterations.