Altered gut microbiota and inflammatory cytokine responses in patients with Parkinson's disease

ObjectiveEmerging evidence suggests that gut microbiome composition alterations affect neurodegeneration through neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we evaluate gut microbiota alterations and host cytokine responses in a population of Taiwanese patients with PD.MethodsFecal microbiota communities from 80 patients with PD and 77 age and gender-matched controls were assessed by sequencing the V3-V4 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Diet and comorbidities were controlled in the analyses. Plasma concentrations of IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-13, IL-18, GM-CSF, IFN, and TNF were measured by a multiplex immunoassay and relationships between microbiota, clinical characteristics, and cytokine levels were analyzed in the PD group. We further examined the cytokine changes associated with the altered gut microbiota seen in patients with PD in another independent cohort of 120 PD patients and 120 controls.ResultsMicrobiota from patients with PD was altered relative to controls and dominated by Verrucomicrobia, Mucispirillum, Porphyromonas, Lactobacillus, and Parabacteroides. In contrast, Prevotella was more abundant in controls. The abundances of Bacteroides were more increased in patients with non-tremor PD subtype than patients with tremor subtype. Bacteroides abundance was correlated with motor symptom severity defined by UPDRS part III motor scores (rho=0.637 [95% confidence interval 0.474 to 0.758], P<0.01). Altered microbiota was correlated with plasma concentrations of IFN and TNF. There was a correlation between Bacteroides and plasma level of TNF (rho=0.638 [95% CI: 0.102-0.887], P=0.02); and a correlation between Verrucomicrobia abundance and plasma concentrations of IFN (rho=0.545 [95% CI -0.043-0.852], P=0.05). The elevated plasma cytokine responses were confirmed in an additional independent 120 patients with PD and 120 controls (TNF: PD vs. control 8.514.63pg/ml vs. 4.82 +/- 2.23pg/ml, P<0.01; and IFN: PD vs. control: 38.45 +/- 7.12pg/ml vs. 32.79 +/- 8.03pg/ml, P=0.03).Conclusions This study reveals altered gut microbiota in PD and its correlation with clinical phenotypes and severity in our population. The altered plasma cytokine profiles associated with gut microbiome composition alterations suggest aberrant immune responses may contribute to inflammatory processes in PD.