4.3 Review

In the line-up: deleted genes associated with DiGeorge/22q11.2 deletion syndrome: are they all suspects?

期刊

出版社

BMC
DOI: 10.1186/s11689-019-9267-z

关键词

22q11DS; Neural development; Cognition; Cardiovascular; Craniofacial; Copy number variants; Polygenic

资金

  1. NIH [HD042182, HD083157]
  2. Simons Foundation [SFARI 306796, SFARI 342005]

向作者/读者索取更多资源

Background22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a copy number variation (CNV) disorder, occurs in approximately 1:4000 live births due to a heterozygous microdeletion at position 11.2 (proximal) on the q arm of human chromosome 22 (hChr22) (McDonald-McGinn and Sullivan, Medicine 90:1-18, 2011). This disorder was known as DiGeorge syndrome, Velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS) or conotruncal anomaly face syndrome (CTAF) based upon diagnostic cardiovascular, pharyngeal, and craniofacial anomalies (McDonald-McGinn and Sullivan, Medicine 90:1-18, 2011; Burn et al., J Med Genet 30:822-4, 1993) before this phenotypic spectrum was associated with 22q11.2 CNVs. Subsequently, 22q11.2 deletion emerged as a major genomic lesion associated with vulnerability for several clinically defined behavioral deficits common to a number of neurodevelopmental disorders (Fernandez et al., Principles of Developmental Genetics, 2015; Robin and Shprintzen, J Pediatr 147:90-6, 2005; Schneider et al., Am J Psychiatry 171:627-39, 2014).ResultsThe mechanistic relationships between heterozygously deleted 22q11.2 genes and 22q11DS phenotypes are still unknown. We assembled a comprehensive line-up of the 36 protein coding loci in the 1.5Mb minimal critical deleted region on hChr22q11.2, plus 20 protein coding loci in the distal 1.5Mb that defines the 3Mb typical 22q11DS deletion. We categorized candidates based upon apparent primary cell biological functions. We analyzed 41 of these genes that encode known proteins to determine whether haploinsufficiency of any single 22q11.2 genea one gene to one phenotype correspondence due to heterozygous deletion restricted to that locusversus complex multigenic interactions can account for single or multiple 22q11DS phenotypes.ConclusionsOur 22q11.2 functional genomic assessment does not support current theories of single gene haploinsufficiency for one or all 22q11DS phenotypes. Shared molecular functions, convergence on fundamental cell biological processes, and related consequences of individual 22q11.2 genes point to a matrix of multigenic interactions due to diminished 22q11.2 gene dosage. These interactions target fundamental cellular mechanisms essential for development, maturation, or homeostasis at subsets of 22q11DS phenotypic sites.

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