Article
Mechanics
Biao Huang, Xiwen Zhang, Xiangru Li, Haixiang Zhang, Feng He, Pengfei Hao, Zhaohui Yao
Summary: This paper investigates droplet condensation and self-propelled jumping on microcolumn-structured superhydrophobic surfaces with different size parameters using a three-dimensional multiphase lattice Boltzmann method. A new phenomenon of secondary coalescence jumping is identified, and its underlying mechanisms are analyzed in detail. The results show that wettability and structure parameters have significant effects on droplet jumping.
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Sheng-Wu Wang, Lu Peng, Jun-Wu Chen, Lee Li
Summary: This study explores why the self-propelled jumping phenomenon does not occur on vulcanized silicon rubber (RTV) coatings, from the perspective of thermodynamic energy balance. The energy leftover characteristics of droplets coalescing on RTV and superhydrophobic surfaces are size-dependent but with opposite directions.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Yan Gao, Zhaoqing Ke, Wei Yang, Zhiqiang Wang, Ying Zhang, Wei Wu
Summary: By developing a class of honeycomb bionic superhydrophobic surfaces (HBSS), reliable and efficient droplet jumping on a large scale was achieved for the first time, ensuring the uniformity of droplet diameter. The shape and geometric parameters of the surface significantly impact the efficiency of droplet jumping, with the experimentally measured maximum dimensionless jumping velocity reaching 0.747, corresponding to an efficiency of about 45.25%.
Article
Mechanics
Yuhang Wang, Wilko Rohlfs, Reinhold Kneer
Summary: This paper verifies the effects of protuberant structures on the jumping behaviors of droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces through experiments. It is found that an appropriate protuberant structure can increase the jumping velocity of the droplets, while an excessively tall structure leads to a sustained increase in the jumping velocity of the droplets.
Article
Materials Science, Coatings & Films
Xiaolin Liu, Huawei Chen, Zehui Zhao, Yantong Zhu, Zelinlan Wang, Jichen Chen, Deyuan Zhang
Summary: A tuning strategy of melting frost directional self-jumping on regular macro-patterned anisotropic superhydrophobic surface (MASS) was proposed in this work. By utilizing the macro-patterned anisotropic structure, the frost splitting process and its jumping direction were both adjusted, promoting the self-jumping of melting frost and improving the efficiency of defrosting.
SURFACE & COATINGS TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Zhiping Yuan, Sihang Gao, ZhiFeng Hu, Liyu Dai, Huimin Hou, Fuqiang Chu, Xiaomin Wu
Summary: The study proposed enhanced jumping methods for droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces, which achieved a nearly theoretical limit of energy transfer efficiency through more orderly flow inside the droplets enabled by a designed structure. The ultimate jumping improved the application of water droplet jumping and enabled other low surface energy fluids to jump.
JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Mechanics
Sihang Gao, Zhifeng Hu, Xiaomin Wu
Summary: This study demonstrates that the horizontal mobility of coalesced droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces with an asymmetric ridge can be enhanced, leading to promoted droplet jumping. Experimental results show that the coalesced droplet accelerates during the jumping stage and gains horizontal velocity during the rebound stage, reaching a nondimensional horizontal velocity of 0.47, which is about 2.3 times the jumping velocity on the plane.
Article
Physics, Applied
Sihang Gao, Zhifeng Hu, Zhiping Yuan, Xiaomin Wu
Summary: This study presents a flexible approach to efficiently regulate the direction and velocity of droplet jumping on superhydrophobic surfaces using superhydrophobic string. By changing the inclination angle of the string, the jumping direction of the coalescent droplet shows a maximum deviation of 68.1 degrees from the surface normal, with a maximum energy conversion rate of 32.1%.
APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS
(2021)
Article
Mechanics
K. Konstantinidis, J. Gohl, A. Mark, S. Sasic
Summary: This article investigates the coalescence and jumping behavior of droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces, with a focus on the influence of contact-angle hysteresis. A comprehensive numerical framework is developed, which considers the effect of hysteresis by accurately representing the contact angles. The results demonstrate the impact of hysteresis on the jumping process and identify different stages of droplet detachment and re-attachment. The study also highlights the importance of accurately capturing the dynamic receding contact angle when droplets jump from superhydrophobic surfaces with varying degrees of hysteresis.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Kangning Li, Dandan Ma, Chenxi Zhu, Jintao Yang, Jing Zhang, Jie Feng
Summary: This study investigates the ability of superhydrophobic surfaces (SHSs) to remove airborne contaminants through self-propelled jumping condensate. The results show that particles with sizes significantly larger or smaller than the nanogaps of the SHS can be removed, but particles with sizes comparable to the nanogaps cannot be removed. This study provides important insights into the self-cleaning mechanism of jumping condensate and the initial formation of condensate droplets on SHSs.
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Hongru Ren, Shengya Zhu, Ye Xiao, Chun Li
Summary: This study demonstrates the enhancement of self-propelled jumping of nanodroplets on hydrophobic surfaces using properly designed nanocone arrays. It was found that the shape of nanocones and the initial position of nanodroplets significantly affect the jumping velocity. High-efficiency self-jumping behaviors of nanodroplets are achieved by minimizing energy dissipation, providing potential applications for controllable droplet movement on functional surfaces.
ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Ming-Jun Liao, Li-Qiang Duan
Summary: The study found that on surfaces with periodic strip-like wettability patterns, the jumping velocity of droplets is related to the strip width, contact angle, and relative position of the droplets' centers. The jumping velocity on mixed-wettability superhydrophobic surfaces can exceed that of surfaces with a 180 degrees contact angle.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Kai Wang, Xuehu Ma, Feifan Chen, Zhong Lan
Summary: The study systematically investigates the effect of structural parameters of the triangular prism on droplet jumping velocity on superhydrophobic surfaces. Results show that exploiting structure effects can greatly increase droplet jumping velocity, with the optimal length of the triangular prism reaching a plateau. The ratio of translational kinetic energy to released surface energy during droplet jumping is determined by the apex angle and height of the triangular prism, being more effective with a smaller apex angle and a larger height.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Swathi Naidu Vakamulla Raghu, Khajidkhand Chuluunbandi, Manuela Sonja Killian
Summary: Surface modifications, such as wettability enhancements, are crucial for material interactions. Mainstream research on superhydrophobic surfaces for outdoor applications has focused on benefits like self-cleaning and anti-soiling. Zirconia nanotubes are being evaluated as a potential alternative for creating transparent UV-stable superhydrophobic coatings.
SURFACES AND INTERFACES
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Huimin Hou, Xiaomin Wu, Zhifeng Hu, Sihang Gao, Liyu Dai, Zhiping Yuan
Summary: The phenomenon of droplet jumping induced by coalescence has potential applications in water collection, self-cleaning, and thermal management of electronic devices. A numerical simulation was conducted to examine the similarities and differences in droplet jumping on superhydrophobic surfaces with uniform and non-uniform micropillars, as well as the effect of micropillar nonuniformity. The results showed that non-uniform distribution of micropillars affected the shrinkage of the liquid bridge, droplet morphology, and high-pressure region distribution, resulting in changes in droplet jumping velocity.
COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Zhifeng Hu, Siyu Ding, Xuan Zhang, Xiaomin Wu
Summary: This study experimentally explores the impact behavior of droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces with single pillars of different sizes. The effects of Weber number and the pillar-to-droplet diameter and height ratios on the contact state between the droplet and solid surface and the maximum width are investigated. The results show that increasing pillar size reduces the maximum width factor of impact droplets, and the critical Weber number for touching the substrate and forming liquid fingers is influenced by the pillar-to-droplet diameter and height ratios. A theoretical model based on energy conservation is developed to calculate the maximum width factor on the single-pillar superhydrophobic surfaces, which agrees well with experimental results within a +/- 10% prediction deviation.
COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Yukai Lin, Fuqiang Chu, Xiaomin Wu
Summary: This study investigates the evaporation and boiling process of water-alcohol droplets and explores the effects of concentration and substrate temperature on droplet wetting and heat transfer. A predictive model is established and proven accurate in predicting evaporation rates of water-alcohol droplets, revealing the importance of selective evaporation and convective heat transfer in different boiling regimes.
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS IN HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Zhifeng Hu, Fuqiang Chu, Xiaomin Wu
Summary: Reducing contact time of droplets on solid surfaces is crucial for various applications. Researchers have found that droplets bouncing in a pancake shape on superhydrophobic surfaces decorated with arrays of pillars or ridges can effectively reduce the contact time. By numerically investigating the dynamic process of droplet impacts and establishing a design principle, the contact time of pancake bouncing on ridge-textured superhydrophobic surfaces is effectively reduced by 60-70%.
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS IN HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2022)
Article
Mechanics
Zhifeng Hu, Fuqiang Chu, Xiaomin Wu
Summary: In this study, the splitting dynamics of droplets on ridged superhydrophobic surfaces were investigated through experimental and theoretical approaches. Three splitting modes were observed with the increase of Weber number, and the splitting time decreased with increasing Weber number. The geometric shape of the ridge was found to regulate the droplet splitting behavior.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Canjun Zhao, Yukai Lin, Xiaomin Wu
Summary: This study investigated the wetting characteristics of a lead droplet on an iron surface at high temperatures. Results showed that the wetting process leads to corrosion of the iron substrate.
MATERIALS TODAY COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Sihang Gao, Xiaomin Wu
Summary: Coalescence-induced droplet jumping has broad potential in various fields such as heat-transfer enhancement, self-cleaning, energy harvesting, electricity generation, radiative cooling, and antifrosting/icing. Experimental observation and numerical investigation reveal that the initial velocity of the moving droplet significantly affects the jumping velocity, energy conversion, and droplet morphology. The results show a complex relationship between the velocity of the moving droplet and its We number, with the proportion of jumping kinetic energy decreasing as the We number increases.
Article
Physics, Applied
Zhifeng Hu, Fuqiang Chu, Xiaomin Wu, Siyu Ding, Yukai Lin
Summary: Inspired by Setaria viridis leaves, researchers propose a simple and efficient strategy to manipulate the split and transport of impacting droplets, achieving large-scale, high-speed, and fast-response bidirectional transport. These findings provide a route for precise droplet manipulation for diverse applications, such as anti-icing and chemical detection.
PHYSICAL REVIEW APPLIED
(2022)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Yifu Shu, Fuqiang Chu, Zhifeng Hu, Jie Gao, Xiaomin Wu, Zhichao Dong, Yanhui Feng
Summary: This study demonstrates a novel strategy to enhance the flight capability of microfliers in rainy conditions by fabricating a hierarchical superhydrophobic surface. The superhydrophobic coating reduces the contact time and impact force of raindrops on microfliers, while rotating the surface can enhance droplet spreading. The rotating superhydrophobic surface can also reduce the impact force by generating a negative pressure zone inside the droplet. The findings of this study provide insights into protecting microfliers with superhydrophobic coatings and guide their manufacture and flight in rainy conditions.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Sihang Gao, Zhiping Yuan, Xiaomin Wu
Summary: This study investigates the effects of initial velocity and sideslip angle on the jumping velocity, energy conversion, and morphological evolution of coalesced droplets. The results show that both initial velocity and sideslip angle have a negative impact on jumping velocity, and they cause an asymmetric evolution of the droplet morphology.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Mechanics
Sihang Gao, Zhifeng Hu, Xiaomin Wu
Summary: This study demonstrates that the horizontal mobility of coalesced droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces with an asymmetric ridge can be enhanced, leading to promoted droplet jumping. Experimental results show that the coalesced droplet accelerates during the jumping stage and gains horizontal velocity during the rebound stage, reaching a nondimensional horizontal velocity of 0.47, which is about 2.3 times the jumping velocity on the plane.
Article
Physics, Applied
Fuqiang Chu, Shuxin Li, Zhifeng Hu, Xiaomin Wu
Summary: Superhydrophobic surfaces are highly promising due to their excellent water repellency in various applications. Droplet impacting dynamics plays a crucial role in the application of these surfaces. This Perspective summarizes the process of droplet impacting on superhydrophobic surfaces and introduces the two key parameters that describe the dynamics, namely the maximum spreading coefficient and the contact time. Improvement strategies such as constructing macrostructures and setting wettability patterns are discussed, highlighting the need to study the combined effects of these factors.
APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Yukai Lin, Fuqiang Chu, Xiaomin Wu
Summary: This study uses moving-mesh numerical simulation to investigate the evaporation of droplets at different wetting modes and finds that the simulation results of mixed mode evaporation agree well with experiments. The effect of wetting modes on the variation of multiple physical fields is elucidated, and the study has promising applications in industrial and technological fields such as thermal management, droplet microfluidics, and medical treatment.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2023)
Article
Mechanics
Zhifeng Hu, Fuqiang Chu, Xiaomin Wu, Alfonso M. Ganan-Calvo
Summary: Superhydrophobic surfaces with different shapes and sizes of ridges were investigated for their maximum axial spreading of impacting droplets. A mathematical formula was proposed to describe the shape of the structures using a shape factor for easy application in structure-related studies. The effects of ridge shape and size on the maximum axial spreading coefficient were clarified. The outward flow of liquid above the ridge tip hindered the axial spreading of droplets, and the maximum axial spreading coefficient decreased as the ridge became sharper, achieved by increasing the shape factor or the ridge height-width ratio. The complex effect of the ridge-droplet size ratio was divided into two regimes based on the shape factor. A prediction correlation for the maximum axial spreading coefficient was established, considering the coupled effects of all parameters, and shown to agree well with experimental and simulation results.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Yukai Lin, Xiaomin Wu, Zhifeng Hu, Fuqiang Chu
Summary: Despite the extensive research on Leidenfrost droplet motion in its boiling regime, little attention has been paid to the droplet motion across different boiling regimes where bubbles are generated at the solid-liquid interface. In this study, experiments are conducted to investigate the behavior of Leidenfrost droplets on substrates with varying wettabilities and temperature gradients. A novel phenomenon of droplet motion that resembles a jet engine is observed on a hydrophilic substrate, where the droplets repulse themselves backwards as they travel across boiling regimes.
JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Huimin Hou, Xiaomin Wu, Zhifeng Hu, Sihang Gao, Yuxi Wu, Yukai Lin, Liyu Dai, Guisheng Zou, Lei Liu, Zhiping Yuan
Summary: Researchers propose a method for condensate droplet transportation based on the reaction force of superhydrophobic saw-tooth surfaces. Experiments show that this new method improves transport velocity and relative distance compared to conventional methods, and achieves directional transport of the smallest condensate droplet. The superhydrophobic saw-tooth surfaces enable multi-hop directional transport.
JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Mahsa Taghavi, Swapnil Sharma, Vemuri Balakotaiah
Summary: This study investigates the natural convection effects in the insulation layers of spherical storage tanks and their impact on the tanks' performance. The permeability and Rayleigh number of the insulation material are considered as key factors. The results show that as the Rayleigh number increases, new convective cells emerge and cause the cold boundary to approach the external hot boundary. In the case of large temperature differences, multiple solutions may coexist.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Jinyang Xu, Fangjun Hong, Chaoyang Zhang
Summary: This study introduces a self-induced jet impingement device for enhancing pool boiling performance in high power electronic cooling. Through visualization and parametric investigations, the effects of this device on pool boiling performance are studied, revealing the promotion of additional liquid supply and vapor exhausting. The flow rate of the liquid jet is found to positively impact boiling performance.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Wenchao Ke, Yuan Liu, Fissha Biruke Teshome, Zhi Zeng
Summary: Underwater wet laser welding (UWLW) is a promising and labor-saving repair technique. A thermal multi-phase flow model was developed to study the heat transfer, fluid dynamics, and phase transitions during UWLW. The results show that UWLW creates a water keyhole, making the welding environment similar to in air laser welding.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Xingrong Lian, Lin Tian, Zengyao Li, Xinpeng Zhao
Summary: This study investigates the heat transfer mechanisms in natural fiber-derived porous structures and finds that thermal radiation has a significant impact on the thermal conductivity in low-density regions, while natural convection rarely occurs. Insulation materials derived from micron-sized natural fibers can achieve minimum thermal conductivity at specific densities. Strategies to lower the thermal conductivity include increasing porosity and incorporating nanoscale pores using nanosize fibers.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Yasir A. Malik, Kilian Koebschall, Stephan Bansmer, Cameron Tropea, Jeanette Hussong, Philippe Villedieu
Summary: Ice crystal icing is a significant hazard in aviation, and accurate modeling of sticking efficiency is essential. In this study, icing wind tunnel experiments were conducted to quantify the volumetric liquid water fraction, sticking efficiency, and maximum thickness of ice layers. Two measurement techniques, calorimetry and capacitive measurements, were used to measure the liquid water content and distribution in the ice layers. The experiments showed that increasing wet bulb temperatures and substrate heat flux significantly increased sticking efficiency and maximum ice layer thickness.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Jinqi Hu, Tongtong Geng, Kun Wang, Yuanhong Fan, Chunhua Min, Hsien Chin Su
Summary: This study experimentally examined the heat dissipation of vibrating fans and demonstrated its inherent mechanism through numerical simulation. The results showed that the flow fields induced by the vibrating blades exhibited pulsating features and formed large-scale and small-scale vortical structures, significantly improving heat dissipation. The study also identified the impacts of different blade structures and developed a trapezoidal-folding blade, which effectively reduced the maximum temperature of the heat source and alleviated high-temperature failure crisis.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Dan-Dan Su, Xiao-Bin Li, Hong-Na Zhang, Feng-Chen Li
Summary: The boiling heat transfer of low-boiling-point working fluid is a common heat dissipation technology in electronic equipment cooling. This study analyzed the interfacial boiling behavior of R134a under different conditions and found that factors such as the initial thickness of the liquid film, solid-liquid interaction force, and initial temperature significantly affect the boiling mode and thermal resistance.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Jinyi Wu, Dongke Sun, Wei Chen, Zhenhua Chai
Summary: A unified lattice Boltzmann-phase field scheme is proposed to simulate dendrite growth of binary alloys in the presence of melt convection. The effects of various factors on the growth are investigated numerically, and the model is validated through comparisons and examinations.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Shaokun Ge, Ya Ni, Fubao Zhou, Wangzhaonan Shen, Jia Li, Fengqi Guo, Bobo Shi
Summary: This study investigated the temperature distribution of main cables in a suspension bridge during fire scenarios and proposed a prediction model for the maximum temperature of cables in different lane fires. The results showed that vehicle fires in the emergency lane posed a greater thermal threat to the cables.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Shuang-Ying Wu, Shi-Yao Zhou, Lan Xiao, Jia Luo
Summary: This paper investigates the two-phase flow and heat transfer characteristics of low-velocity jet impacting on a cylindrical surface. The study reveals that the heat transfer regimes are non-phase transition and nucleate boiling with the increase of heat transfer rate. The effects of jet impact height and outlet velocity on local surface temperatures are pronounced at the non-phase transition stage. The growth rates of heat transfer rate and liquid loss rate increase significantly from the non-phase transition to nucleate boiling stage.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Emad Hasani Malekshah, Wlodzimierz Wlodzimierz, Miros law Majkut
Summary: Cavitation has significant practical importance and can be controlled by air injection. This study investigates the natural to ventilated cavitation process around a hydrofoil through numerical and experimental methods. The results show that the location and rate of air injection have a meaningful impact on the characteristics of cavitation.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Feriel Yahiat, Pascale Bouvier, Antoine Beauvillier, Serge Russeil, Christophe Andre, Daniel Bougeard
Summary: This study explores the enhancement of mixing performance in laminar flow equipment by investigating the generation of chaotic advection using wall deformations in annular geometries. The findings demonstrate that the combined geometry can achieve perfect mixing at various Reynolds numbers.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Hui He, Ning Lyu, Caihua Liang, Feng Wang, Xiaosong Zhang
Summary: This study investigates the condensation, frosting, and defrosting processes on superhydrophobic surfaces with millimeter-scale structures. The results reveal that the structures can influence the growth and removal of frost crystals, with the bottom grooves creating a frost-free zone and conical edges promoting higher frost crystal heights. Two effective methods for defrosting are observed: hand-lifting the groove and airfoil retraction contraction on protruding structures. This research provides valuable insights into frost formation and defrosting on millimeter-structured superhydrophobic surfaces, with potential applications in anti-frost engineering.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Thiwanka Arepolage, Christophe Verdy, Thibaut Sylvestre, Aymeric Leray, Sebastien Euphrasie
Summary: This study developed two thermal concentrators, one with a 2D design of uniform thickness and another with a 3D design, using the coordinate transformation technique and metamaterials. By structuring the thermal conductor, the desired local density-heat capacity product and anisotropic thermal conductivities were achieved. The homogenized thermal conductivities were obtained from finite element simulations and cylindrical symmetry consideration. A 3D concentrator was fabricated using 3D metal printing and characterized using a thermal camera. Compared to devices that solely consider anisotropic conductivities, the time evolution characteristics of the metadevice designed with coordinate transformation were closer to those of an ideal concentrator.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Liangyuan Cheng, Qingyang Wang, Jinliang Xu
Summary: In this study, we investigated the supercritical heat transfer of CO2 in a horizontal tube with a diameter of 10.0 mm, covering a wide range of pressures, mass fluxes, and heat fluxes. The study revealed a non-monotonic increase in wall temperatures along the flow direction and observed both positive and negative wall temperature differences between the bottom and top tube. The findings were explained by the thermal conduction in the solid wall interacting with the stratified-wavy flow in the tube.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
