Article
Construction & Building Technology
Xin Cheng, Jin Xia, Ren-jie Wu, Wei-liang Jin, Chong-gen Pan
Summary: Research has shown that halving the anode spacing in an SACP system can better inhibit corrosion current, while increasing anode size has less significant effects. Additionally, a decrease in corrosion current is accompanied by a substantial increase in cathodic current, leading to an increase in anode consumption.
JOURNAL OF BUILDING ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Nisheeth Kr Prasad, A. S. Pathak, S. Kundu, Pankaj Panchal, K. Mondal
Summary: The study investigated the effectiveness of high phosphorus pig iron as a sacrificial anode for cathodic protection of mild steel in concrete. Results showed that pig iron samples exhibited more active potential compared to mild steel in simulated concrete pore solution, with lower polarization resistance as phosphorus content increased.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY-JMR&T
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Ji-Myung Ha, Jin-A Jeong, Chungkuk Jin
Summary: This experimental study proposes a conductive mortar to increase the efficiency of the sacrificial anode cathodic protection system by reducing resistivity and maintaining it for a longer time. The resistivity characteristics of the mortar were evaluated using the BET method and resistivity measurements. The results showed that the conductive mortar with activated carbon and sodium hydroxide had the lowest resistivity. Additionally, the proposed conductive mortar significantly improved the cathodic protection performance.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Nisheeth Kr. Prasad, A. S. Pathak, S. Kundu, K. Mondal
Summary: A series of novel hybrid anodes composed of high phosphorus pig iron and zinc show improved anodic performance in seawater, exhibiting effectiveness as sacrificial anodes with a more negative potential compared to mild steel. These hybrid anodes demonstrate comparable capacity and efficiency to commercial zinc anodes, attributed to the localized segregation of zinc and large cathode-to-anode area-ratio in their microstructure.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Durgesh Tamhane, Jeslin Thalapil, Sauvik Banerjee, Siddharth Tallur
Summary: This study investigates the performance of EMI-based monitoring of sacrificial anodes embedded in conductive mortar and reinforced concrete through accelerated corrosion experiments. The RMSD is found to be a high sensitivity metric for analyzing the state-of-health of the anode, with non-linear variations explained by delamination dynamics and damping.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Marine
Caglar Erdogan, Geoffrey Swain
Summary: This paper presents the design of a cathodic protection system for offshore steel monopiles used to support wind turbines, including a comparison of requirements for coated and uncoated structures, and discusses other factors that need to be considered.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Yuntao Xi, Mao Jia, Jun Zhang, Wanli Zhang, Daoyong Yang, Liang Sun
Summary: This manuscript investigates the influence of gallium content additions on Al-Zn-In-Mg alloy in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution through electrochemical techniques and microstructure observation. The results show that Al-Zn-In-Mg-0.03Ga alloy exhibits the best discharge performance among all alloys. The addition of gallium improves the discharge activity and anodic efficiency of the Al-4Zn-In-Mg alloy. The effect of gallium addition on discharge activity follows a parabolic curve, with the maximum anode current efficiency of about 98.25% achieved at a gallium content of 0.03 wt%.
Article
Electrochemistry
Cilya Oulmas, Sonia Mameri, Dalila Boughrara, Slimane Boutarfaia, Joseph Delhalle, Zineb Mekhalif, Abdelaziz Kadri
Summary: The study found that in marine environments, the Al-5%Zn-0.5%Sn-2.6%Mg alloy exhibits better corrosion performance and couple efficiency, with the formation of MgZn2 and Mg2Sn particles being key factors.
JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY
(2021)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
You Wu, Jinxia Xu, Wenjie Gong, Fei Wang
Summary: This study aims to restrain chloride ingress into mortar by using a magnesium alloy sacrificial anode system. The results show that the magnesium alloy mesh can effectively reduce chloride ingress into mortar, with the effectiveness increasing with higher water-cement ratios and chloride concentrations.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2022)
Review
Construction & Building Technology
Abdulrahman Fahad Al Fuhaid, Akbar Niaz
Summary: This paper reviews the research work conducted by different researchers on the carbonation and corrosion of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. The process of carbonation and the factors contributing to this process are discussed, along with the corrosion of rebars, damage to passive layers, volume expansion due to steel oxidation, and crack growth. Available protection methods for reducing carbonation, such as rebar structure coating, cathodic protection, and modifier implementation, are also reviewed. The paper concludes by describing the most significant types of damage caused by carbonation, testing protocols, and mitigation against corrosion damage.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Yue Liu, Feng Peng, Guang-Ling Yang, Zhi-Hui Xie, Wenxin Dai, Yuejun Ouyang, Liang Wu, Chuan-Jian Zhong
Summary: This study demonstrates the utilization of photoelectrochemical cathodic protection (PECCP) with a metallic nickel interlayer for the indirect corrosion protection of metals with low self-corrosion potential. By coupling a covalent organic framework decorated TiO2 photoanode with nickel coating on magnesium alloy, the PECCP efficiency is enhanced. The composite structure and the enhanced performance are characterized and a corrosion protection mechanism is proposed.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Deepak K. Kamde, Radhakrishna G. Pillai
Summary: This study develops a short-term test method (GAP test) to assess the longevity of galvanic anodes (GAs). By simulating real conditions, this method can help practicing engineers estimate the durability of GAs.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Julie Dubuit, Stephane Laurens, Alexandra Bertron, David Garcia, Luc Etcheverry, Fabrice Deby, Benjamin Erable
Summary: This paper explores a new biological cathodic protection technology for reinforced concrete structures in marine environments. By burying a bioanode in marine sediments and supplying electrons through the oxidation of various substrates by electro-active micro-organisms, the issue of corrosion is addressed, and experimental verification on a laboratory specimen is conducted. This new solution offers three fundamental advantages: autonomous operation, green solution, and free current supply.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Xueli Nan, Jianrui Ji, Rongyang Li, Hao Chen, Yi Wang, Weibin Tang
Summary: The effectiveness of self-made zinc alloy sacrificial anode material for the protection of reinforcement in concrete under chlorine salt erosion environment was investigated. Salt solution immersion corrosion and electromigration accelerated corrosion tests were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the self-made zinc alloy anode. The results showed that the self-made zinc alloy sacrificial anode had good protection, but there is a need for further improvement in its long-term protection due to the lower pH of the mortar compared to imported anodes.
JOURNAL OF WUHAN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY-MATERIALS SCIENCE EDITION
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Arpit Goyal, Homayoon Sadeghi Pouya, Eshmaiel Ganjian
Summary: This research focused on developing a new anode material to improve the corrosion control technique for steel in reinforced concrete structures. The new concrete conductive anode paint showed excellent electrical conductivity and met the required polarization requirement. With an anode current density of 20 mA/m(2), the service life was evaluated as 45 years.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering
Jufeng Huang, Guang-Ling Song, Yixing Zhu, Dajiang Zheng, Ziming Wang
Summary: To understand the anodic dissolution of Mg, researchers systematically measured the hydrogen evolution from pure Mg in acidic solutions under galvanostatic conditions. The results showed that as the anodic current density increased, the cathodic hydrogen evolution rate decreased, and the anodic hydrogen evolution rate increased. The study proposed possible surface intermediate active species that could facilitate the anodic Mg dissolution and anodic hydrogen evolution, and clarified misunderstandings of the current mechanism.
JOURNAL OF MAGNESIUM AND ALLOYS
(2023)
Article
Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering
Yi-Xing Zhu, Guang-Ling Song, Peng-Peng Wu
Summary: A novel Mg-Al LDH film was prepared on an Al-alloyed AZ31 substrate using hydrothermal method. The film's structural, chemical, and functional characteristics were investigated through various tests. The results showed that the Mg-Al LDH film effectively protected the AZ31 from corrosion even after 90 days of immersion in a corrosive solution. Moreover, the scratched film exhibited a self-repairing behavior, releasing metal ions and regenerating dense LDH nano-sheets to inhibit further corrosion.
JOURNAL OF MAGNESIUM AND ALLOYS
(2023)
Article
Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering
Fuyong Cao, Bo Xiao, Ziming Wang, Tao Ying, Dajiang Zheng, Andrej Atrens, Guang-Ling Song
Summary: This study investigated the corrosion behavior of different alloys in a salt solution and found that Mg 64 Zn 36 alloy has an amorphous microstructure, lower corrosion rate, and no hydrogen evolution during corrosion. This is a new approach to prevent hydrogen evolution during Mg alloy corrosion.
JOURNAL OF MAGNESIUM AND ALLOYS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Yi-Xing Zhu, Guang-Ling Song, Da-Jiang Zheng, Maria Serdechnova, Carsten Blawert, Mikhail L. Zheludkevich
Summary: This study introduces a sacrificial co-sputtered ZnAl transition layer for the in situ growth of scalable-manufactured and thickness-controllable LDH films on arbitrary substrate materials. It not only develops a new strategy to design and grow LDH films with multifaceted features, but also reveals sophisticated LDH formation mechanisms.
SCIENCE CHINA-MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Peng-Peng Wu, Guang-Ling Song, Yi-Xing Zhu, Ya-Jun Deng, Da -Jiang Zheng
Summary: This paper investigates the use of Mg as an intelligent anode in underground Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) projects to detect the carbonation level of concrete and protect the steel casing. The results showed that Mg was more sensitive to carbonation and could act as a smart anode in carbonated simulated concrete pore solutions (SCPSs).
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Yuqiao Dong, Guang-Ling Song, Dajiang Zheng
Summary: This study proposes an environment-friendly corrosion inhibition method based on natural bacteria-alga symbiosis, which can effectively reduce the corrosion rate of stainless steel and form a self-repairing protective layer.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Zhiquan Lang, Guang-Ling Song, Pengpeng Wu, Dajiang Zhengl
Summary: This paper proposes a corrosion-reconstruction strategy to transform the Fe surface into a Fe-Co hydroxide layer for improved oxygen evolution activity. The prepared catalyst shows low over-potential and good stability, accompanied by positive chemical changes during the reaction.
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Zhechao Zhang, Hua Hou, Yuezhong Zhang, Mohamed E. El Sayed, Mohammad N. Murshed, Ahmed Samir, Pengpeng Wu, Changwei Gong, Hui Yong, Guangling Song, Daqing Fang, Deepak Sridhar, Hassan Algadi, Baosheng Liu
Summary: The effects of calcium (Ca) on the microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of extruded AZ61-1Nd-xCa (x = 0, 0.5, 1, 2 wt.%) alloys were studied. The addition of calcium increased the volume fraction of Al2Ca precipitates and refined the grain size. The alloys showed consistent tensile strength and increased hardness with increasing calcium content. However, the presence of Al-Nd and brittle Al2Ca phases significantly reduced the elongation. The corrosion resistance of AZ61-1Nd alloy was greatly improved with the addition of 1 wt.% calcium due to the uniformly distributed Al2Ca acting as a physical barrier. The obtained AZ61-1Nd-1Ca alloy with moderate strength and low corrosion rate is considered a candidate material for marine applications.
ADVANCED COMPOSITES AND HYBRID MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Danya Huang, Tong Bu, Guang-Ling Song, Tao Ying, Yuan Yuan, Dajiang Zheng, Fuyong Cao
Summary: This study investigates the performance of a magnesium-air battery with a modified AZ31 anode (AZ31M). It achieves a high anodic efficiency of 73% with an energy density of 1692 mWh g-1 and capacity of 1582 mAh g-1 at 1 mA cm-2 in 3.5% NaCl. These parameters exceed those of most magnesium anodes. The addition of cost-effective La, Ce, and Ca refines the bulk Mg17Al12 in AZ31, resulting in a uniform discharge, slight galvanic corrosion, and low anode delamination. The AZ31M anode shows potential for wide application in magnesium-air batteries.
JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Lin Yang, Jialu Ouyang, Zi-Ming Wang, Guang-Ling Song
Summary: A quasi-in situ investigation of the localized corrosion behavior in low-conductive aqueous solutions was carried out to capture the initial corrosion of sintered NdFeB alloys. It was observed that corrosion pits started from active sites in the matrix phase near phase boundaries, while oxide rings were deposited at a distance from the pits. The spatial separation of anode and cathode areas during corrosion was explained by the potential-pH diagram of Fe and the transportation of hydroxide and ferrous ions in the solution. The ring-shaped deposition of corrosion products was determined by ferrous cations from pits and hydroxide anions at cathodic regions, limited by oxygen diffusion from the bulk solution.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS ENGINEERING AND PERFORMANCE
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Zi-Chao Guan, Juan Hu, Huan-Huan Wang, Hai-Yan Shi, Hai-Peng Wang, Xia Wang, Piao Jin, Guang-Ling Song, Rong-Gui Du
Summary: A highly efficient g-C3N4/SrTiO3 co-decorated rutile TiO2 nanorod composite film photoanode was synthesized on a conductive glass substrate using hydrothermal reactions and chemical vapor deposition. The g-C3N4/SrTiO3/TiO2 composite film demonstrated improved visible light absorption and 4.5 times higher photocurrent density compared to undecorated TiO2 film, attributed to enhanced separation and transfer efficiency of electron-hole pairs. Under white light irradiation, the composite film photoanode exhibited significantly enhanced photoelectrochemical cathodic protection effect by decreasing the potential of coupled 403 stainless steel in 0.5 M NaCl solution by 680 mV from its free corrosion potential.
JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY A-CHEMISTRY
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yue Li, Zi Ming Wang, Guang-Ling Song
Summary: To extend the service lifetime of pipelines, we propose a method of using an oil-impregnated steel surface to prevent water-induced corrosion. Hierarchically structured surfaces converted from corrosion products can effectively prolong the attachment of an oil layer in water flows. Experimental results show that slightly turbulent flow can improve the durability of the attached oil layer, demonstrating adjustable self-healing performance. This new corrosion mitigation strategy in multiphase flow pipelines may be applicable in certain oilfield environments.
GEOENERGY SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering
Jufeng Huang, Guang-Ling Song, Yixing Zhu, Dajiang Zheng, Ziming Wang
Summary: In order to elucidate the mechanism of anodic dissolution of Mg, the hydrogen evolution from pure Mg in acidic solutions under galvanostatic conditions was measured. The results showed that with increasing anodic current density, the cathodic hydrogen evolution rate decreased, while the anodic hydrogen evolution rate increased and some surface areas on the Mg became darker. Based on surface analysis and electrochemical equations, the evolution kinetics of hydrogen from Mg was deduced, and the most probable surface intermediate species that could facilitate anodic Mg dissolution and anodic hydrogen evolution were proposed. This study further develops the model of incomplete film Mg+ dissolution, explains various experimental phenomena, and clarifies misconceptions about the current mechanism.
JOURNAL OF MAGNESIUM AND ALLOYS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Yanrui Li, Zheng Wu, Jiali Wei, Pengpeng Wu, Yuezhong Zhang, Huajie Wu, Shangshang Liang, Hui Yong, Guangling Song, Daqing Fang, Baosheng Liu, Yinghui Wei
Summary: Ce modification can enhance the corrosion resistance of Mg17Al12 compound. Increasing Ce content further improves the corrosion resistance, but excessive Ce content may lead to a slight deterioration in corrosion resistance due to phase precipitation.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Zhiquan Lang, Guang-Ling Song, Pengpeng Wu, Dajiang Zhengl
Summary: This paper proposes a simple method to synthesize efficient, stable, and durable iron-based catalysts for improving the oxygen evolution activity in water splitting for hydrogen production. The prepared catalysts showed low over-potential and long stability.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Zhichao Shang, Xiaoping Cai, Farshid Pahlevani, Yan Zheng, Akbar Hojjati-Najafabadi, Xinran Gao, Baojing Zhang, Peizhong Feng
Summary: High porosity Co-Al-Fe intermetallics with 3D-microstructures were successfully synthesized in one step via a thermal explosion reaction. The link between pore structure and permeability was investigated using 3D-XRM technology. The corrosion resistance of the samples with different Fe contents was studied at 900 degrees C under an oxygen/sulphur atmosphere for up to 120 h. The results showed that the samples maintained stable pore structure and intact internal matrices, attributed to the formation of a thin protective layer on the surface. In addition, inward diffusion of S resulted in the formation of FeS nodules.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Lian Ma, Hain Yang, Daquan Zhang, Wei Wu
Summary: In this study, an environmentally friendly volatile corrosion inhibitor, lysine salts (LA), was prepared between graphene oxide (GO) layers using an in situ intercalation technique. The corrosion inhibition effect of LA was evaluated, and it was found that LA-GO2 achieved a 99.3% corrosion inhibition efficiency after composition optimization. The inhibition of the electrochemical anodic process on the surface of mild steel was the main reason for the high corrosion inhibition efficiency of LA-GO2. The properties of the surface film on the corroded steel were also characterized in detail to understand the corrosion inhibition mechanism of LA-GO2.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Running Wang, Jiaping Zhang, Bing Liu, Jie Fei, Qiangang Fu
Summary: By introducing a tailored SiC-C interphase, the carbon fiber can be effectively protected, improving the mechanical and ablation properties of leading edge shaped C/C-ZrC-SiC composites.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Zihua Wang, Chijia Wang, Ruitao Wang, Jiapeng Deng, Kun Zhang, Yanji Zhu, Huaiyuan Wang
Summary: A robust anti-corrosive coating has been developed using functional fly ash, which demonstrates excellent corrosion resistance and improved mechanical properties. The coating achieves these enhancements through molecular cross-linking design and surface augmentation techniques, resulting in a significantly improved impedance modulus compared to pure polyurea coatings.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Haofei Sun, Meifeng Li, Hao Zhang, Jing Liu
Summary: The oxidation behavior of FeCrNi medium entropy alloy was investigated through experimental observations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The study found that at 900 degrees C, the alloy forms a desirable and continuous oxide layer, while at 1000 degrees C, the oxide layer becomes discontinuous with penetration of oxide. These observations highlight the significant role of phase structure in promoting the formation of protective oxide scales and influencing oxidation resistance.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Yang Li, Ke Ma, Jingjun Xu, Jingjing Li, Yueming Li, Yi Zhang, Jun Zuo, Meishuan Li
Summary: Cr2AlC diffusion barrier effectively blocks the diffusion of Ti, enhancing the stability and spalling resistance of the Al2O3 scales between NiCrAlY coating and TiAl alloy.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Weiyi Wang, Qinglin Pan, Xiangdong Wang, Bing Liu
Summary: By adding Ce, Sc, Y and Zr elements to Al-Mg-Si alloy, the microstructure of the alloy can be regulated, and the corrosion and heat resistance of the materials can be improved.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Andrea Cristoforetti, Javier Izquierdo, Ricardo M. Souto, Flavio Deflorian, Michele Fedel, Stefano Rossi
Summary: This study presents a new approach to studying the mechanism of filiform corrosion in organic coated steel using the scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET) and micropotentiometry (potentiometric SECM). The electrochemical activity under the coating was evaluated by mapping the ionic current densities coming from artificial defects made in specific locations of the filament. Antimony tips were also used to investigate the pH changes associated with different corrosion reactions at the metal-paint interface. Local pH levels along the filament in the anodic and cathodic regions were determined.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Yang Gao, Dayun Sun, Zhu Liu, Shuo Cong, Rui Tang, Yanping Huang, Lefu Zhang, Xianglong Guo
Summary: The corrosion characteristics of a novel alumina-forming austenitic steel in high-pressure high-temperature water environment were studied. The addition of aluminum has a negative effect on the continuity of the alumina scale.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Negin Madelat, Benny Wouters, Peter Visser, Zahra Jiryaeisharahi, Kristof Marcoen, Shoshan T. Abrahami, Annick Hubin, Herman Terryn, Tom Hauffman
Summary: This work explores the correlation between electrolyte transport properties and the variation of pigment volume concentration (PVC) in organic coatings. An odd random phase electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (ORP-EIS) approach is used to analyze the diffusion of ions independent from water uptake. The results show that a higher PVC leads to a more homogeneous coating structure, resulting in faster diffusion of ions and enhanced water uptake.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Eloa Lopes Maia, Serguei Gavrilov, Valentyn Tsisar, Kitty Baert, Iris De Graeve
Summary: The effect of pre-oxidation in air at 300-500°C on the initiation and development of liquid metal corrosion attack on 316L austenitic steel in static lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) has been investigated. It was found that pre-formed oxide films can protect the surface against dissolution, while high temperature pre-oxidation leads to localized corrosion.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Baozhuang Sun, Qiuyu Wang, Yue Pan, Zhiyong Liu, Cuiwei Du, Xiaogang Li
Summary: In this study, a non-steady electrochemical model was established to investigate stress corrosion cracking (SCC). The model was verified using 304 SS with various microstructures, confirming its effectiveness in assessing SCC susceptibility.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Xingyu Xiao, Xinhua Liu, Zhilei Wang, Xuexu Xu, Mingying Chen, Jianxin Xie
Summary: The corrosion behavior and mechanisms of Cu-10Ni-X (Al, Fe, Mn, Cr, Sn, Ti, Zn) alloys in a 3.5% NaCl solution were systematically investigated. Both computational and experimental results revealed that except Ti, other elements could enhance the corrosion resistance of Cu2O passivation film.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Gen Zhang, Yan-Ping Huang, E. Jiang, Wei -Wei Liu, Hong Yang, Jing Xiong, Yong-Fu Zhao
Summary: The addition of aluminum has a significant influence on the intermetallic compounds in AFA alloys, particularly increasing the content of B2-NiAl phase. In the SCO2 environment, the oxide scales formed on AFA alloys with aluminum were thinner than on ASS without aluminum, and the structure of the oxide scales changed to a double-layer structure.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Yuxuan He, Guozheng Xiao, Chao Wang, Xuefeng Lu, Liuyuan Li, Shiying Liu, Yusheng Wu, Zhanjie Wang
Summary: The relationship between configurational entropy and lattice distortion in novel rare earth monosilicates was investigated, and the effect of configurational entropy on their properties was studied. The results showed that lattice distortion increased with the increase of configurational entropy, but a highly symmetrical crystal structure was formed when the configurational entropy was large enough, inhibiting the lattice distortion.
