High Versatility and Stability of Mechanochemically Synthesized Halide Perovskite Powders for Optoelectronic Devices

We show that mechanochemically synthesized halide perovskite powders from a ball milling approach can be employed to fabricate a variety of lead halide perovskites with exceptional intrinsic stability. Our MAPbI3 powder exhibits higher thermal stability than conventionally processed thin films, without degradation after more than two and a half years of storage and only negligible degradation after heat treatment at 220 degrees C for 14 h. We further show facile recovery strategies of nonphase-pure powders by simple remilling or mild heat treatment. Moreover, we demonstrate the mechanochemical synthesis of phase-pure mixed perovskite powders, such as (Cs(0.05)FA(0.95)PbI(3))(0.85)(MAPbBr(3))(0.15), from either the individual metal and organic halides or from readily prepared ternary perovskites, regardless of the precursor phase purity. Adding potassium iodide (KI) to the milling process successfully passivated the powders. We also succeeded in preparing a precursor solution on the basis of the powders and obtained uniform thin films for integration into efficient perovskite solar cells from spin-coating this solution. We find the KI passivation remains in the devices, leading to improved performance and significantly reduced hysteresis. Our work thus demonstrates the potential of mechanochemically synthesized halide perovskite powders for long-time storage and upscaling, further paving the way toward commercialization of perovskite-based optoelectronic devices.