Review
Immunology
Honglei Wang, Yangyang Xu, Wenhai Feng
Summary: PRRSV, a widely prevalent RNA virus in pigs, causes significant economic losses globally. Vaccines, including modified live and inactivated vaccines, are currently the best countermeasures against PRRSV infection, but are still facing challenges due to the virus's variability and interaction complexity with host immune responses. Novel strategies are being explored to develop more effective vaccines against this evolving virus.
Review
Immunology
Susithra Priyadarshni Mugunthan, Ganapathy Kannan, Harish Mani Chandra, Biswaranjan Paital
Summary: Avian mycoplasmosis, caused primarily by Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae, affects the respiratory, reproductive, and musculoskeletal systems of chickens. Mycoplasma gallisepticum is the most common pathogenic avian mycoplasma, with a wide range of host susceptibility and virulence. Prevention relies on biosecurity measures, management strategies, early diagnosis, antimicrobial use, and vaccination.
Review
Microbiology
Zhenyu Nie, Shunfan Zhu, Li Wu, Ruolin Sun, Jianhong Shu, Yulong He, Huapeng Feng
Summary: Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a highly infectious disease that has caused significant economic losses to pig husbandry worldwide. The innate immunity of the host plays a crucial role in defending against PRV, but the virus has developed strategies to inhibit the innate immune response. The current live attenuated PRV vaccines, such as Bartha K61, do not provide complete protection against new PRV variants. This article summarizes the interactions between PRV and host innate immunity and discusses the need for developing novel and more effective PRV vaccines.
FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Microbiology
Yonathan Arfi, Carole Lartigue, Pascal Sirand-Pugnet, Alain Blanchard
Summary: Mycoplasmas are small, genome-reduced bacteria with the ability to colonize a wide range of host species. They can exist as commensal microbiota or cause pathogenic inflammatory diseases. These bacteria have evolved strategies to evade the host's immune response, including the expression of immunoglobulin-binding proteins to prevent antibody-antigen interaction. Understanding these immune evasion mechanisms is crucial for studying mycoplasma diseases and improving vaccine efficacy.
Review
Immunology
Maren von Koeckritz-Blickwede, Volker Winstel
Summary: NETosis is a cellular process that promotes the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). However, pathogens often take advantage of NETs to cause persistent infections. Staphylococcus aureus, a high-priority pathogen, catalyzes and exploits NETs during pathogenesis and recurrent infections. This article focuses on how staphylococci induce NET formation and highlights the molecular and underlying principles of NETosis. It also discusses the inflammatory potential of NET-controlled microenvironments and the adaptation and counteracting strategies evolved by S. aureus to impede NET-mediated killing.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Mushtaq Hussain, Anusha Amanullah, Ayesha Aslam, Fozia Raza, Shabana Arzoo, Iffat Waqar Qureshi, Humera Waheed, Nusrat Jabeen, Sanya Shabbir, Muneeba Ahsan Sayeed, Saeed Quraishy
Summary: This study discusses the design and immunoinformatic assessment of a candidate novel mRNA vaccine construct, DOW-21, to counter the evolving threat of SARS-CoV-2 variants. The construct, designed to target important domains of the spike protein, holds structural attributes and provides coverage to immunogenic sites found in SARS-CoV-2 variants. The nucleotide sequence of the construct has been optimized for smooth translation.
Review
Virology
Tiandan Xiang, Junzhong Wang, Xin Zheng
Summary: The newly discovered SARS-CoV-2 variant Omicron has become a global health concern due to its significant antibody evasion properties. However, the third booster vaccine dose can enhance neutralizing antibody levels and the vaccine-induced cellular response serves as a second-line defense against Omicron.
Review
Immunology
Pankaj Chandley, Ravikant Ranjan, Sudhir Kumar, Soma Rohatgi
Summary: Malaria is a global infectious disease with significant morbidity and mortality in the developing world. The outcomes of malaria are influenced by various environmental, host, and parasite factors. The immune response against Plasmodium is complex and differs between humans and mosquitoes. The Plasmodium parasite's ability to evade the host's immune response contributes to its virulence. Drug resistance poses a challenge, necessitating the development of effective vaccines and therapeutics.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Gerard Kian-Meng Goh, Vladimir N. Uversky
Summary: This article discusses the significant impact of intrinsic disorder in the outer shell of HIV on vaccine development and proposes a new model for vaccine design. Traditional viruses typically do not have high levels of intrinsic disorder in their outer shells, allowing for successful establishment of effective vaccines.
JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR STRUCTURE & DYNAMICS
(2022)
Review
Critical Care Medicine
Toshiaki Iba, Jerrold H. Levy, Theodore E. Warkentin
Summary: Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia is an unexpected consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reviewed the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of this rare side effect. Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia presents as unusual thromboses with severe thrombocytopenia, and early recognition and treatment are crucial.
CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Nasser Hashemi Goradel, Mahnaz Nemati, Azam Bakhshandeh, Arash Arashkia, Babak Negahdari
Summary: Cancer vaccines have been developed as an interesting cancer immunotherapy approach to deliver tumor antigens and adjuvants to antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Nanotechnology-based vaccines, known as nanovaccines, address the limitations of traditional vaccines by co-delivering antigens and adjuvants to lymphoid organs and APCs, leading to potent anti-tumor immune responses. The formation of nanocomplexes between antigens and adjuvants based on electrostatic interactions has shown promising results in enhancing immune responses. This article summarizes the various platforms for developing cancer vaccines, discusses the advantages of using delivery systems, and focuses on the potential of nanocomplexes formation as cancer nanovaccine platforms.
INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Margaret L. Lind, Richard Copin, Shane McCarthy, Andreas Coppi, Fred Warner, David Ferguson, Chelsea Duckwall, Ryan Borg, M. Catherine Muenker, John Overton, Sara Hamon, Anbo Zhou, Derek A. T. Cummings, Albert Ko, Jennifer D. Hamilton, Wade Schulz, Matt D. T. Hitchings
Summary: Using whole genome sequencing (WGS), the study provides evidence of declining vaccine effectiveness and variant-specific immune evasion during the Delta wave. The study suggests that calendar-period-based classification is prone to variant misclassification.
JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Review
Immunology
Alex Bear, Thomas Locke, Sarah Rowland-Jones, Simone Pecetta, Fabio Bagnoli, Thomas C. Darton
Summary: This article discusses the mechanisms of S. aureus infection and the importance of immune evasion, with a focus on the protein SpA. Understanding the mechanisms of immune evasion is crucial for the development of effective vaccines and monoclonal antibodies.
FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Lidong Wang, Michelle Mohlenberg, Pengfei Wang, Hao Zhou
Summary: Since its emergence in 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has infected over 600 million people worldwide, causing significant damage to global medical, economic, and political structures. The highly mutated Omicron variant has evolved into multiple subvariants, with mutations in the spike protein affecting its antigenic structure and affinity for ACE2. These mutations allow Omicron to evade immunity from natural infection and vaccination. This review assesses the immune evasion capacity of SARS-CoV-2, focusing on neutralizing antibodies generated by different vaccination regimes, to improve our ability to combat emerging Omicron variants.
CYTOKINE & GROWTH FACTOR REVIEWS
(2023)
Review
Immunology
Jacob R. Hambrook, Patrick C. Hanington
Summary: Human schistosomes have evolved various immune evasion strategies, such as molecular mimicry of host antigens and the utilization of an immune resistant outer tegument, to survive in both snail and human hosts. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for the development of novel therapeutics and treatment plans.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
