DNA Thermal Stability Depends on Solvent Viscosity

Capillary electrophoresis has been used to measure the thermal stability of small DNA hairpins in solutions containing 0.3 M cation, comparing the results observed in Na+ and NH4+ with those observed in solutions containing various tetraalkylammonium ions. The midpoint melting temperatures of the hairpins decreased nonlinearly with cation radius but linearly with solvent viscosity, suggesting that the reversible melting transition involves DNA migration through the solvent to find stable base-pairing partners. The normalized melting temperatures increased linearly with the inverse viscosity of the solvent and agreed with values calculated from literature data for another small DNA hairpin, a small RNA duplex, and sonicated calf thymus DNA in tetraalkylammonium ion solutions. The normalized melting temperatures calculated from literature data for poly(A)center dot poly(U) and two proteins, ribonuclease and lysozyme, in tetraalkylammonium ion solutions also increased linearly with inverse solvent viscosity. By contrast, the normalized melting temperatures calculated from literature data for DNA in solutions containing ethylene glycol or glycerol to modify the viscosity increased linearly with the logarithm of inverse solvent viscosity, not the first power of inverse solvent viscosity.