Review
Engineering, Aerospace
Augustin Guibaud, Guillaume Legros, Jean-Louis Consalvi, Jose Torero
Summary: Fire safety is a prime concern in inhabited space exploration. This article examines past incidents, analyses fire safety planning development, and evaluates the current fire provisions in the International Space Station. With future deep space exploration, there is a need to rethink existing solutions and conduct further research.
Article
Thermodynamics
Parham Dehghani, James G. Quintiere
Summary: A gas fuel supplied burner (BRE) was used to simulate the burning of real solid and liquid fuels in microgravity to address spacecraft fire safety concerns. The analytical solution of these flames was used to predict the steady flame temperature, with a critical temperature range of 1100-1200K distinguishing between self-extinguished and steady flames. A flammability diagram composed of emulated heat of combustion and heat of gasification was used to examine steady flames, revealing upper and lower limits of heat of gasification that allow for steady burning. Theoretical predictions for steady burning were demonstrated to be within 10% accuracy for given atmospheric conditions, material diameter, and external radiative heat flux, providing a method to assess spacecraft fire safety.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Dingli Liu, Zhisheng Xu, Yuting Wang, Yangyang Li, Long Yan
Summary: Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, fires have been occurring frequently in hospitals managing COVID-19, resulting in over 279 deaths. This study analyzed the fire probability and fire service coverage for hospitals in China from a national perspective. The annual fire frequency of a hospital building exceeds 0.5 when its floor area reaches approximately 180,000 m2, as calculated using the generalized Barrois model. The average annual fire probability of a hospital in China was found to be 0.017 based on the number of hospital fires in Changsha and the number of hospitals in China from 2014 to 2017. The total effective coverage rate (TECR) of fire service for hospitals in China was estimated to be between 14.18% and 30.89%.
ALEXANDRIA ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Yu-Tsung Ho, Nobuyoshi Kawabata, Miho Seike, Masato Hasegawa, Shen-Wen Chien, Tzu-Sheng Shen
Summary: This study used model experiments and numerical simulations to investigate the backlayering length of a vehicle-blocked tunnel fire. The results showed that having vehicles on both sides of a lane greatly reduced the elongation of the backlayer length. The study also explored the effects of vehicular blockage ratio and blockage configuration on the properties of the backlayering length.
Article
Thermodynamics
Shaorun Lin, Han Yuan, Xinyan Huang
Summary: The study investigated the limiting quenching conditions of in-depth smoldering propagation, with simulation results agreeing well with experiments. Further analysis revealed that both the smoldering temperature and propagation rate increase with sample width and eventually approach their maximum values.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Dorota Brzezinska, Paul Bryant
Summary: The concept of fire strategies evaluation for industrial fire safety assessments, along with a methodology dedicated to sustainable building fire safety level simulations, is introduced in this paper. National fire safety enforcement agencies are responsible for evaluating and approving advanced and specialist fire strategies in a growing field of fire safety engineering and performance-based techniques.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Shaorun Lin, Xinyan Huang
Summary: This study provides a detailed analysis of the formation mechanism of near-limit flame in timber based on numerical models, which is important for understanding fire dynamics and evaluating fire risk of timber materials.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Gustavo Burin, Paulo R. Guimaraes Jr, Tiago B. Quental
Summary: The study found that bird species contributing most to the structure of plant-frugivore interaction networks belong to lineages with higher macroevolutionary stability. This association is stronger in warmer, wetter, less seasonal environments.
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Jonathan Wahrer, Sabrina Kehm, Marie Allen, Linnea Brauer, Oliver Eidam, Ilona Seiberle, Sarah Kron, Eva Scheurer, Iris Schulz
Summary: This study evaluated the effectiveness of a new dry-vacuuming device called DNA-Buster in DNA recovery from various items in forensic casework, and found that it performed well on textiles. The research also highlighted the importance of considering the substrate-collection dependency to ensure optimal recovery of genetic material in forensic investigations.
FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL-GENETICS
(2023)
Article
Behavioral Sciences
Arash Javanbakht, Lana Ruvolo Grasser, Shantanu Madaboosi, Asadur Chowdury, Israel Liberzon, Vaibhav A. Diwadkar
Summary: The study found that in instructed extinction learning, there was greater activation for the CS+I compared to CS+U, affecting functional connectivity in multiple brain regions. The addition of cognitive instruction was shown to enhance activation of emotion regulation and reappraisal networks during extinction learning.
FRONTIERS IN BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Thermodynamics
Takuya Yamazaki, Tsuneyoshi Matsuoka, Kazunori Kuwana, Yuji Nakamura
Summary: This experimental study investigated the transition from downward smoldering to flaming in low-pressure environments during combustion of thin-rod biomass sticks with low porosity. It was found that oxygen partial pressure is a key factor affecting the spontaneous transition to flaming. A gas-phase model was introduced, showing the importance of boundary layer thickness in combustion.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Margo Karemaker, Gill A. ten Hoor, Rene R. Hagen, Carine H. M. van Schie, Karin Boersma, Robert A. C. Ruiter
Summary: The study found that elderly people lack detailed knowledge about fire safety behaviors but do take preventive measures. Elderly people perceive the risk of home fires as low while feeling confident in their abilities to act in case of a fire.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Thermodynamics
Mustafa Altin, Muhammed Furkan Kilicarslan
Summary: A 1/1 scale Fire Experiment Laboratory was constructed to visually demonstrate real fire scenarios. The laboratory consisted of two fire test rooms measuring 300 x 350cm and one observation room measuring 190 x 620cm. The fire tests included a furnished living room and bedroom with calculated fire loads. The maximum temperatures recorded in the fire rooms were around 1200 degrees C in the top zone, 800 degrees C in the middle zone, and 400 degrees C in the lower zone for the bedroom; and around 900 degrees C in the top zone, 600 degrees C in the middle zone, and 300 degrees C in the lower zone for the living room. The external wall temperatures reached approximately 25-31 degrees C for the bedroom and 41-46 degrees C for the living room.
CASE STUDIES IN THERMAL ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Andreas Saeter Boe, Kathinka Leikanger Friquin, Daniel Brandon, Anne Steen-Hansen, Ivar S. Ertesvag
Summary: Exposing cross-laminated timber (CLT) structures in buildings is becoming more popular, but it can change the dynamics of fire in a compartment. To study the effects, two large-scale CLT compartment fire experiments were conducted. The experiments showed that the fire spread rapidly across the ceiling and wood crib before retracting, with multiple cycles of rapid spread and retraction occurring.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Ecology
Jessica R. Marsh, Payal Bal, Hannah Fraser, Kate Umbers, Tanya Latty, Aaron Greenville, Libby Rumpff, John C. Z. Woinarski
Summary: The impact on and response to invertebrate species in fires are often overlooked, despite the fact that they are significantly affected. Therefore, more conservation measures need to be directed towards protecting these species.
GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Tsuneyoshi Matsuoka, Satoshi Murakami, Takuya Yamazaki, Yuji Nakamura
Summary: Numerical simulations of flame spread along parallel, combustible plates reveal that flame behaviors can be categorized into symmetric, asymmetric, oscillation, and extinction modes based on the time histories of leading edges, with the occurrence conditions of these modes summarized.
COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Tatsuya Migita, Takumi Yamahata, Tsuneyoshi Matsuoka, Yuji Nakamura, Patrick Strempfl
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Takuya Yamazaki, Tsuneyoshi Matsuoka, Yuji Nakamura, Yutao Li
Article
Thermodynamics
Osamu Kadowaki, Mayu Suzuki, Kazunori Kuwana, Yuji Nakamura, Genichiro Kushida
Summary: This study investigates the limit conditions for smoldering combustion of biomass fuel through experimental and theoretical research, finding that oxygen content affects the smoldering spread rate and maximum temperature. Predictions of the smoldering-to-flaming transition limit conditions were made using a one-dimensional model.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE
(2021)
Article
Thermodynamics
Jian Gao, Xiaobin Qi, Dongke Zhang, Tsuneyoshi Matsuoka, Yuji Nakamura
Summary: Investigation into the combustion phenomenon in a packed bed of activated carbon particles revealed the significant role of surface reactions between carbon and oxygen, as well as carbon and carbon dioxide, in carbon consumption. The gas phase oxidation of carbon monoxide was identified as the major heat source sustaining the propagation of the combustion front.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE
(2021)
Article
Thermodynamics
Takuya Yamazaki, Tsuneyoshi Matsuoka, Kazunori Kuwana, Yuji Nakamura
Summary: This experimental study investigated the transition from downward smoldering to flaming in low-pressure environments during combustion of thin-rod biomass sticks with low porosity. It was found that oxygen partial pressure is a key factor affecting the spontaneous transition to flaming. A gas-phase model was introduced, showing the importance of boundary layer thickness in combustion.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Shashank Singh, Yuji Nakamura
Summary: This study investigates the effect of dripping on the ignitability of vertically-oriented thermoplastic material under localized radiant heating. The viscosity and drip speed of molten matter have an impact on ignition delay time.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Caiyi Xiong, Yanhui Liu, Haoran Fan, Xinyan Huang, Yuji Nakamura
Summary: This study utilizes acoustic waves to extinguish flames and finds that pulsating airflow induced by the sound source can better characterize the blow-off limit of flames than local sound pressure. Lower frequency sound sources can produce larger flame pulsating displacements, promoting extinction.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2021)
Article
Thermodynamics
Daiki Matsugi, Tsuneyoshi Matsuoka, Yuji Nakamura
Summary: This study experimentally investigates the successive-burning characteristics of a porous combustible soaked in a liquid oxidizer, developing a simple one-dimensional burning model based on the steady assumption to predict thermal structure and regression rate under different conditions. The findings show that successive burning is widely achievable when hydrogen peroxide is used as the oxidizer.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2021)
Article
Thermodynamics
Xiaoyu Ju, Tsuneyoshi Matsuoka, Takuya Yamazaki, Yuji Nakamura
Summary: Wire mesh can have a significant impact on flame dynamics, with properties such as thermal conductivity and porosity affecting whether flames can pass through the mesh. A critical mesh temperature was determined to be 965 +/- 15 K for flame passage through the mesh.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Tsuneyoshi Matsuoka, Takuya Nishihara, Daiki Matsugi, Derrick Paul, Ken Matsuyama, Yuji Nakamura
Summary: The study revisits the measurement principle of a heat flux sensor based on active control of temperature and develops a prototype accordingly. Tests with and without steady heat flux were conducted, with results indicating the need to minimize the temperature difference within the sensor to reduce error.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Thermodynamics
Xangpheuak Inthavideth, Nobumasa Sekishita, Sounthisack Phommachanh, Yuji Nakamura
Summary: This study investigates the dispersion behavior of hot-smoke released from a chimney in a cross flow, using a specially designed wind tunnel. Smoke patterns were captured using a high-speed camera, and six different patterns were identified. The study found that under quasi-isotropic turbulence, the smoke tends to exhibit a meandering pattern, even at lower jet velocities and higher cross flow velocities. However, the dispersion behavior can be well-characterized using the existing prediction method based on the point source model.
JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Xiaoyu Ju, Kota Shiino, Tsuneyoshi Matsuoka, Takuya Yamazaki, Yuji Nakamura
Summary: This study proposes a scale-independent method to reconstruct the HAFW-type fire whirl in a small-scale test model and provides updated scaling law to reproduce similar fire whirl occurrence positions. The results show a linear correlation between normalized fire whirl occurrence position and modified Froude number under different fire source scales and lateral wind velocities. The findings advance the fundamental understanding of fire whirls generated by an L-shaped fire source and could benefit future fire whirl model development.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Tsuneyoshi Matsuoka, Akira Takagi, Yuki Katagiri, Yuji Nakamura
Summary: This study proposes a novel imaging technique that visualizes the deformation process of a burning thermoplastic rod. Tests were conducted using different samples, and the instantaneous three-dimensional shape of the burning rod was successfully visualized. The proposed technique can evaluate various characteristics of the burning material and is particularly useful when the steady-state is not achieved.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Daiki Matsugi, Yosuke Hasebe, Takuya Yamazaki, Tsuneyoshi Matsuoka, Yuji Nakamura
Summary: Experimental investigations were conducted on the burning characteristics of a polyethylene foam soaked in hydrogen peroxide, including temperature measurements and burning rates. Results indicate that overall burning rates are influenced by pressure and fuel porosity. Temperature gradient near the top surface of the specimen was found to increase with pressure, leading to an increase in the overall burning rate.
JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2021)