Article
Energy & Fuels
Meysam Khatibi, Reza Nemati-Farouji, Amin Taheri, Arash Kazemian, Tao Ma, Hamid Niazmand
Summary: This study investigated the application of a combination of phase change materials (PCMs) with highly conductive substances in the field of thermal management and energy storage. Results showed that Al2O3-PCM exhibited a higher solidification rate, and the triplex-tube outperformed other units in terms of solidification time at any heat transfer fluid temperature and tubes diameter. The Taguchi method identified that employing CuO-PCM 4% in a triplex-tube could achieve a shorter solidification time.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2021)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Faisal Hassan, Furqan Jamil, Abid Hussain, Hafiz Muhammad Ali, Muhammad Mansoor Janjua, Shahab Khushnood, Muhammad Farhan, Khurram Altaf, Zafar Said, Changhe Li
Summary: This review discusses the applications of phase change materials (PCMs) in energy conservation and thermal control. Various methods, such as adding highly thermal conductivity nanoparticles and encapsulation, have been used to improve the low thermal conductivity of PCMs. PCMs have a wide range of applications, including in photovoltaic, thermal management, and food packaging. Based on analysis of recent literature, phase transition temperature, phase transition enthalpy, and thermal conductivity are identified as important parameters for selecting suitable PCMs.
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES AND ASSESSMENTS
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Xianjun Ji, Pengwei Liu, Chendong Qiu, Lu Weng, Jiajun Hu, Renzhong Wei, Yi Zhang, Weisheng Sun, Xi Guo
Summary: In this study, thermal energy storage (TES) composites with excellent thermal performance and acceptable mechanical properties were fabricated. By using bamboo charcoal encapsulating polyethylene glycol as the phase change material and low-density polyethylene as the matrix, the problem of leakage and short service life in conventional phase change materials was effectively solved.
POLYMER COMPOSITES
(2023)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
V. V. Tyagi, K. Chopra, B. Kalidasan, Aditya Chauhan, U. Stritih, Sanjeev Anand, A. K. Pandey, Ahmet Sari, Richa Kothari
Summary: This paper discusses the significant role of thermal energy storage in building energy performance, combining thermal properties of PCM materials and their applications in energy efficient buildings. The article summarizes the advancements, applications, and future solutions in thermal energy storage technologies, with a focus on PCM composites, control strategies, and PCM-based PV/T systems.
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES AND ASSESSMENTS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Antonella Sarcinella, Jose Luis Barroso de Aguiar, Mariaenrica Frigione
Summary: The aim of this study was to develop a form-stable phase change material (PCM) that can reduce the use of nonrenewable energy resources for heating and cooling buildings in different climatic conditions. The researchers used vacuum impregnation to produce a sustainable PCM from waste stone granules and a low-toxicity polyethylene glycol. The thermal properties and stability of the PCM were evaluated, and it was added to lime-based mortar for potential application in ancient buildings.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Claudia Fabiani, Carolina Santini, Marco Barbanera, Tommaso Giannoni, Gianluca Rubino, Franco Cotana, Anna Laura Pisello
Summary: In this study, different phase change materials (PCMs) were incorporated into gypsum panels by stabilizing them in biochar and lignin through vacuum impregnation technique. The goal was to produce an environmentally friendly shape-stabilized material that can be easily integrated into gypsum-based building components. The thermophysical performance and long-term stability of the obtained compounds were analyzed using various techniques. The results showed promising thermal buffer capability of the shape-stabilized samples, with a higher impregnation rate for a paraffin with a melting temperature of 21 degrees C. The samples exhibited relatively stable behavior for applications within typical local boundary conditions.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2023)
Review
Energy & Fuels
Surajudeen Sikiru, Temidayo Lekan Oladosu, Temitope Ibrahim Amosa, Sanusi Yekinni Kolawole, Hassan Soleimani
Summary: This study provides a cutting-edge review of recent literature on thermal energy storage systems for solar thermal management. It also gives an in-depth overview of solar thermal storage mechanisms and reviews the application of phase change materials (PCM) and photovoltaic performance indicator variables. The study summarizes the research trend and research gap in PCM adoption to photovoltaic energy harnessing.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2022)
Review
Energy & Fuels
Alireza Khademi, Kyle Shank, Seyed Ali Abtahi Mehrjardi, Saeed Tiari, Giancarlo Sorrentino, Zafar Said, Ali J. Chamkha, Svetlana Ushak
Summary: Thermal energy storage by phase change materials has many applications, but their low thermal conductivity requires the combination of multiple heat transfer enhancement techniques. Studies have shown that utilizing hybrid enhancement methods can improve the performance of the storage system, making it a promising approach for future studies.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Carolina Cardenas-Ramirez, Franklin Jaramillo, Angel G. Fernandez, Luisa F. Cabeza, Maryory A. Gomez
Summary: This study investigated the impact of thermal treatments on the porosity of clay mineral supports and their application in shape-stabilizing phase change materials. Results showed that the powder support calcined at 600 degrees C exhibited optimal conditions for shape-stabilization and produced SS-PCMs with good thermal properties. Further characterization with MDSC and leakage cycling tests were conducted for in-depth analysis.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2021)
Review
Energy & Fuels
Alireza Khademi, Kyle Shank, Seyed Ali Abtahi Mehrjardi, Saeed Tiari, Giancarlo Sorrentino, Zafar Said, Ali J. Chamkha, Svetlana Ushak
Summary: This article introduces the applications and issues of latent heat storage in thermal energy storage and discusses hybrid enhancement techniques. By reviewing improvement strategies for melting and solidification processes, it demonstrates the enhancement of TES system performance and suggests future research directions.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Boniface Dominick Mselle, Gabriel Zsembinszki, David Verez, Emiliano Borri, Luisa F. Cabeza
Summary: This study provides a detailed energy analysis of a novel compact thermal energy storage module that can be integrated into a refrigeration system, demonstrating its feasibility to work as both a thermal energy storage and a heat exchanger. The results show that the PCM stored around 54% of the total energy, despite accounting for only 14% of the total mass, and the module exhibited the highest charging/discharging power within the temperature range of most phase change.
APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Cemil Alkan, Nazan Goksen Tosun, Ozlem Kaplan
Summary: Dicarboxylic acid esters have gained attention as thermal energy storage materials due to their easy production, wide temperature range, and overcome the limitations of fatty alcohols. In this study, dicarboxylic acid esters of 1-hexadecanol were synthesized from adipic, succinic, and oxalic acid for the first time and characterized using spectroscopic techniques. The thermophysical properties and surface morphology of the esters were examined, revealing specific melting and crystallization behaviors. The applicability of the dicarboxylic acid esters was evaluated through integral graphs, time-dependent heating and cooling curves, and thermal stability analysis after repetitive thermal cycles.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Jingmeng Sun, Junqi Zhao, Weiye Zhang, Jianuo Xu, Beibei Wang, Xuanye Wang, Jun Zhou, Hongwu Guo, Yi Liu
Summary: Phase change materials (PCMs) can reduce energy waste in construction by stabilizing daily temperature changes. A new type of shell-core PCM (E-shell PCM) with high latent heat potential and good structural stability was prepared through cation exchange and layer upon layer self-assembly. The thermal energy storage (TES) wood-plastic composites (WPC) manufactured using this E-shell PCM showed excellent morphological stability, high phase transition heat, thermal stability, heat storage performance, and mechanical strength. The introduction of expanded perlite (EP) improved heat and smoke suppression in the composites, making it a potential building material for temperature control.
Article
Crystallography
Saman Nimali Gunasekara, Camila Barreneche, A. Ines Fernandez, Alejandro Calderon, Rebecca Ravotti, Alenka Ristic, Peter Weinberger, Halime Omur Paksoy, Burcu Kocak, Christoph Rathgeber, Justin Ningwei Chiu, Anastasia Stamatiou
Summary: Thermal Energy Storage Materials (TESMs) show great potential in realizing a carbon neutral future. They are mainly classified into phase change materials (PCMs), thermochemical heat storage materials (TCMs), and sensible thermal energy storage materials (STESMs), each with different advantages and characteristics. Research in TESMs is primarily concentrated in countries such as China, the European Union, and the USA, but there are still obstacles to commercialization and application.
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Qun Ma, Deqiu Zou, Yinshuang Wang, Ke Lei
Summary: Ceramic composites are commonly used in medium/high temperature thermal energy storage and catalysis. The combination of PCMs with ceramic materials can effectively improve TES capacity, but precautions need to be taken for PCM leakage. This paper prepared a novel MEPCM with thermal expansion void and two ceramic composites, showing great potential in energy storage and catalysis.
CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL
(2021)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Beom Yeol Yun, Yujin Kang, Young Uk Kim, Seunghwan Wi, Sumin Kim
Summary: This study aimed to analyze the effect of using phase change materials (PCMs) to stabilize room temperature and solve the problem of temperature instability for temporary hospital beds. The results showed that the application of macro packed PCMs (MPPCM) in buildings can effectively reduce box temperature, providing a comfortable indoor space for temporary beds.
BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Sungwoong Yang, Hyeonseong Yuk, Beom Yeol Yun, Young Uk Kim, Seunghwan Wi, Sumin Kim
Summary: This study highlights the importance of improving building airtightness to reduce indoor fine dust concentration. By applying technologies such as sealing film, sealing lid, and padding, the experiment demonstrated a significant reduction in air leakage and indoor fine dust concentration.
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Jihee Nam, Sungwoong Yang, Beom Yeol Yun, Sumin Kim
Summary: The study manufactured improved shape-stabilize phase change materials (SSPCMs) for enhancing building energy efficiency and evaluated their performance. It was found that organically modified nanoclay and PCM composites significantly improved the amount of PCM impregnated, thermal conductivity, and latent heat characteristics.
SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Dimberu G. Atinafu, Beom Yeol Yun, Sungwoong Yang, Sumin Kim
Summary: Latent heat storage based on phase-changing materials (PCMs) is a promising technology for thermal energy storage. However, the practical applications of PCMs are restricted due to their low thermal conductivity and expensive supporting materials. The development of shape-stable composite PCMs using renewable precursors has gained attention. In this study, waste biomass materials were activated and pyrolyzed to produce biochar, which was used for encapsulating organic PCM. The composite materials exhibited improved thermal stability, conductivity, and latent heat retention, making them suitable for thermal-regulation applications.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Young Uk Kim, Sungwoong Yang, Beom Yeol Yun, Sumin Kim
Summary: This study improved the thermal performance of artificial stones made with lightweight aggregate and biochar, and analyzed their applicability for interior finishing in apartment buildings in different climatic zones. The research found that using these artificial stones could effectively reduce cooling energy and enhance indoor thermal comfort in apartment buildings across various climatic regions.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Seunghwan Wi, Sungwoong Yang, Young Uk Kim, Yujin Kang, Sumin Kim
Summary: Traditionally, insulation materials were developed to prevent heat loss or gain in buildings, but they are flammable and emit harmful chemicals. This study evaluated the fire resistance performance of five insulation materials, with phenolic foam being the only one meeting the noncombustible grade criteria.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Jihee Nam, Beom Yeol Yun, Ji Yong Choi, Sumin Kim
Summary: Renewable biomaterials, such as wood, are being explored as a potential solution for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the construction industry. This study highlights the use of phase change materials (PCM) to enhance the thermal energy storage capacity of wood. The research also compares the structural and chemical compositions of different parts of wood to evaluate the performance of PCM.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Ho Hyeon Jo, Yujin Kang, Sungwoong Yang, Young Uk Kim, Beom Yeol Yun, Jae D. Chang, Sumin Kim
Summary: This study focuses on the applicability of phase change materials (PCMs) and the optimal application method for educational buildings, which have a long service period and are difficult to dismantle. The results show that significant cost and energy savings can be achieved through building renovation with phase change materials, and scenario 4 is considered the optimal retrofit plan.
Article
Thermodynamics
Yujin Kang, Ho Hyen Jo, Sungwoong Yang, Seunghwan Wi, Sumin Kim
Summary: This study proposed a process for evaluating indoor hygrothermal performance using two different simulations and investigated the hygrothermal performance of the indoor environment based on the hygrothermal behavior of walls. The results showed that high relative humidity and water content were found inside wall and floor layers, and improving hygrothermal performance by changing building materials resulted in decreased heat and moisture fluxes.
APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Seunghwan Wi, Sungwoong Yang, Beom Yeol Yun, Yujin Kang, Sumin Kim
Summary: According to fire accident statistics, fires in buildings are increasing. The flame-retardant performance of insulation materials is considered important for fire prevention and evacuation. This study evaluated the flame-retardant performance and combustion characteristics of four types of organic thermal insulation used in sandwich panels. The findings suggest that phenolic foam meets the criteria for non-combustible grade insulation. The study also analyzed the release of hazardous gases and evacuation time in different scenarios.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Dimberu G. Atinafu, Beom Yeol Yun, Eilhann E. Kwon, Seong Jin Chang, Sumin Kim
Summary: Thermal energy storage systems based on phase-change materials (PCMs) have attracted attention due to their ability to address intermittency issues in renewable energy. This study investigates the impact of molecular chain length on the thermal energy storage density and phase-change temperature of phase-change composites. The results demonstrate that the composite using a longer-chain n-alkane (BN@C22) exhibits higher latent heat storage capacity compared to the one using a shorter-chain n-alkane (BN@C12). Both composites show good chemical compatibility, thermal durability, and low leakage rate, making them suitable for thermal management applications.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Ji Yong Choi, Jihee Nam, Hyeonseong Yuk, Beom Yeol Yun, Sungchan Lee, Jin Kook Lee, Sumin Kim
Summary: Preservation of historic buildings is important, but their usability should also be considered. In this study, a 100-year-old cultural heritage building in Korea was retrofitted to improve its energy performance and sound environment by recycling coffee waste. The retrofit showed significant improvement in energy consumption and indoor sound environment.
ENERGY AND BUILDINGS
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Dimberu G. Atinafu, Beom Yeol Yun, Seunghwan Wi, Seong Jin Chang, Sumin Kim
Summary: Thermal energy storage and conversion in phase change materials can be improved by adding nanomaterials. In recent years, there has been an increasing focus on developing renewable and sustainable phase-change composites. This study compares and demonstrates the sustainability of different nano-enabled PCMs using Ashby material selection and life-cycle assessment. The assessment shows that biochar-supported paraffin composites have high encapsulation efficiency, shape stability, low energy demand, and affordable price, making them desirable for insulation and building thermal energy management applications.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2023)
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Dimberu G. Atinafu, Beom Yeol Yun, Young Uk Kim, Sumin Kim
Summary: The unbalanced growth in energy demand and consumption worldwide has led to the development of advanced materials for high thermal-management capabilities. Nanopolyhybrid design technologies have achieved significant progress in multiresponsive energy harvesting, thermoregulation, energy saving in construction, and miniaturization and integration of electronic systems. This is achieved by integrating nanomaterials and polymers with engineering strategies. The emerging applications of hybrid composites such as personal and electronic thermal management and advanced medical applications are highlighted. Current challenges and future trends and prospects are also summarized.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Sungeun Kim, Beom Yeol Yun, Ji Yong Choi, Young Uk Kim, Sumin Kim
Summary: Wood can be used for various applications, and wooden buildings can positively affect carbon footprint and well-being of occupants. However, previous studies on indoor wood visual effects have limitations. In this study, a virtual reality model is used to implement an indoor wood application, and subjective thermal sensation is quantitatively measured through physiological response. The results show that occupants feel warmer with increased wood application, and physiological parameters confirm the increase in thermal sensation through the visual effect of wood without temperature control.
BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Shitong Fang, Houfan Du, Tao Yan, Keyu Chen, Zhiyuan Li, Xiaoqing Ma, Zhihui Lai, Shengxi Zhou
Summary: This paper proposes a new type of nonlinear VIV energy harvester (ANVEH) that compensates for the decrease in peak energy output at low wind speeds by introducing an auxiliary structure. Theoretical and experimental results show that ANVEH performs better than traditional nonlinear VIV energy harvesters under various system parameter variations.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Wei Jiang, Shuo Zhang, Teng Wang, Yufei Zhang, Aimin Sha, Jingjing Xiao, Dongdong Yuan
Summary: A standardized method was developed to evaluate the availability of solar energy resources in road areas, which combined the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Geographic Information System (GIS). By analyzing critical factors and using a multi-indicator evaluation method, the method accurately evaluated the utilization of solar energy resources and guided the optimal location selection for road photovoltaic (PV) projects. The results provided guidance for the application of road PV projects and site selection for route corridors worldwide, promoting the integration of transportation and energy.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Chang Liu, Jacob A. Wrubel, Elliot Padgett, Guido Bender
Summary: The study investigates the effects of coating defects on the performance of the anode porous transport layer (PTL) in water electrolyzers. The results show that an increasing fraction of uncoated regions on the PTL leads to decreased cell performance, with continuous uncoated regions having a more severe impact compared to multiple thin uncoated strips.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Marcos Tostado-Veliz, Xiaolong Jin, Rohit Bhakar, Francisco Jurado
Summary: In this paper, a coordinated charging price mechanism for clusters of parking lots is proposed. The research shows that enabling vehicle-to-grid characteristics can bring significant economic benefits for users and the cluster coordinator, and vehicle-to-grid impacts noticeably on the risk-averse character of the uncertainty-aware strategies. The developed pricing mechanism can reduce the cost for users, avoiding to directly translate the energy cost to charging points.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Duan Kang
Summary: Building an energy superpower is a key strategy for China and a long-term goal for other countries. This study proposes an evaluation system and index for measuring energy superpower, and finds that China has significantly improved its ranking over the past 21 years, surpassing other countries.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Fucheng Deng, Yifei Wang, Xiaosen Li, Gang Li, Yi Wang, Bin Huang
Summary: This study investigated the synergistic blockage mechanism of sand and hydrate in gravel filling layer and the evolution of permeability in the layer. Experimental models and modified permeability models were established to analyze the effects of sand particles and hydrate formation on permeability. The study provided valuable insights for the safe and efficient exploitation of hydrate reservoirs.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Hao Wang, Xiwen Chen, Natan Vital, Edward Duffy, Abolfazl Razi
Summary: This study proposes a HVAC energy optimization model based on deep reinforcement learning algorithm. It achieves 37% energy savings and ensures thermal comfort for open office buildings. The model has a low complexity, uses a few controllable factors, and has a short training time with good generalizability.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Moyue Cong, Yongzhuo Gao, Weidong Wang, Long He, Xiwang Mao, Yi Long, Wei Dong
Summary: This study introduces a multi-strategy ultra-wideband energy harvesting device that achieves high power output without the need for external power input. By utilizing asymmetry, stagger array, magnetic coupling, and nonlinearity strategies, the device maintains a stable output voltage and high power density output at non-resonant frequencies. Temperature and humidity monitoring are performed using Bluetooth sensors to adaptively assess the device.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Tianshu Dong, Xiudong Duan, Yuanyuan Huang, Danji Huang, Yingdong Luo, Ziyu Liu, Xiaomeng Ai, Jiakun Fang, Chaolong Song
Summary: Electrochemical water splitting is crucial for hydrogen production, and improving the hydrogen separation rate from the electrode is essential for enhancing water electrolyzer performance. However, issues such as air bubble adhesion to the electrode plate hinder the process. Therefore, a methodology to investigate the two-phase flow within the electrolyzer is in high demand. This study proposes using a microfluidic system as a simulator for the electrolyzer and optimizing the two-phase flow by manipulating the micro-structure of the flow.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Shuo Han, Yifan Yuan, Mengjiao He, Ziwen Zhao, Beibei Xu, Diyi Chen, Jakub Jurasz
Summary: Giving full play to the flexibility of hydropower and integrating more variable renewable energy is of great significance for accelerating the transformation of China's power energy system. This study proposes a novel day-ahead scheduling model that considers the flexibility limited by irregular vibration zones (VZs) and the probability of flexibility shortage in a hydropower-variable renewable energy hybrid generation system. The model is applied to a real hydropower station and effectively improves the flexibility supply capacity of hydropower, especially during heavy load demand in flood season.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Zhen Wang, Kangqi Fan, Shizhong Zhao, Shuxin Wu, Xuan Zhang, Kangjia Zhai, Zhiqi Li, Hua He
Summary: This study developed a high-performance rotary energy harvester (AI-REH) inspired by archery, which efficiently accumulates and releases ultralow-frequency vibration energy. By utilizing a magnetic coupling strategy and an accumulator spring, the AI-REH achieves significantly accelerated rotor speeds and enhanced electric outputs.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yi Yang, Qianyi Xing, Kang Wang, Caihong Li, Jianzhou Wang, Xiaojia Huang
Summary: In this study, a novel hybrid Quantile Regression (QR) model is proposed for Probabilistic Load Forecasting (PLF). The model integrates causal dilated convolution, residual connection, and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) for multi-scale feature extraction. In addition, a Combined Probabilistic Load Forecasting System (CPLFS) is proposed to overcome the inherent flaws of relying on a single model. Simulation results show that the hybrid QR outperforms traditional models and CPLFS exceeds the best benchmarks in terms of prediction accuracy and stability.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Wen-Jiang Zou, Young-Bae Kim, Seunghun Jung
Summary: This paper proposes a dynamic prediction model for capacity fade in vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). The model accurately predicts changes in electrolyte volume and capacity fade, enhancing the competitiveness of VRFBs in energy storage applications.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yuechao Ma, Shengtie Wang, Guangchen Liu, Guizhen Tian, Jianwei Zhang, Ruiming Liu
Summary: This paper focuses on the balance of state of charge (SOC) among multiple battery energy storage units (MBESUs) and bus voltage balance in an islanded bipolar DC microgrid. A SOC automatic balancing strategy is proposed considering the energy flow relationship and utilizing the adaptive virtual resistance algorithm. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in achieving SOC balancing and decreasing bus voltage unbalance.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Raad Z. Homod, Basil Sh. Munahi, Hayder Ibrahim Mohammed, Musatafa Abbas Abbood Albadr, Aissa Abderrahmane, Jasim M. Mahdi, Mohamed Bechir Ben Hamida, Bilal Naji Alhasnawi, A. S. Albahri, Hussein Togun, Umar F. Alqsair, Zaher Mundher Yaseen
Summary: In this study, the control problem of the multiple-boiler system (MBS) is formulated as a dynamic Markov decision process and a deep clustering reinforcement learning approach is applied to obtain the optimal control policy. The proposed strategy, based on bang-bang action, shows superior response and achieves more than 32% energy saving compared to conventional fixed parameter controllers under dynamic indoor/outdoor actual conditions.
