Reduction of Mycotoxins during Fermentation of Whole Grain Sorghum to Whole Grain Ting (a Southern African Food)

Mycotoxins are fungal secondary metabolites that pose health risks to exposed individuals, requiring necessary measures to reduce them. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), mycotoxins were quantified in whole grain sorghum and ting subsequently derived from two sorghum varieties (high and low tannin). The whole grain (WG) ting samples were obtained by fermenting sorghum with Lactobacillus fermentum strains (FUA 3165 and FUA 3321). Naturally (spontaneously) fermented WG-ting under the same conditions were equally analysed. Among the mycotoxins investigated, fumonisin B-1 (FB1), B-2 (FB2), B-3 (FB3), T-2 toxin (T-2), zearalenone (ZEA), alpha-zearalenol (alpha-ZOL) and beta-zearalenol (beta-ZOL) were detected in sorghum. Results obtained showed that mycotoxin concentrations significantly (p <= 0.05) reduced after fermentation. In particular, L. fermentum FUA 3321 showed the capability to significantly (p <= 0.05) reduce all the mycotoxins by 98% for FB1, 84% for T-2 and up to 82% for alpha-ZOL, compared to raw low tannin sorghum. Fermenting with the L. fermentum strains showed potential to effectively reduce mycotoxin contamination in whole grain ting. Thus, we recommended L. fermentum FUA 3321 in particular to be used as a potential starter culture in sorghum fermentation.