Review
Immunology
Andres Vidal-Itriago, Rowan A. W. Radford, Jason A. A. Aramideh, Cindy Maurel, Natalie M. M. Scherer, Emily K. K. Don, Albert Lee, Roger S. S. Chung, Manuel B. B. Graeber, Marco Morsch
Summary: Microglia, originating from mesoderm, play key roles in the development, homeostasis, and innate immunity of the central nervous system (CNS). Their diverse morphological characteristics are closely related to their wide range of functions. However, our knowledge of the morphophysiological attributes and interactions with neurons of microglia is limited. Exploring the correlation between microglial shape and function is a current challenge and opportunity.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging
Yun-Jen Yeow, Kee-Min Yeow, I-Hao Su, Yi-Ming Wu, Chien-Ming Chen, Jeng-Hwei Tseng, Jhen-Ling Huang
Summary: MRI performed best in predicting healthy graftable C5 spinal nerve stumps in acute adult brachial plexus injuries, while the diagnostic efficacy of Tinel test and rhomboid EMG were relatively lower.
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Zhibin Zhou, Jun Ma, Jiao Cai, Aimin Chen, Lei Zhu
Summary: By RNA sequencing, we identified 1708 differentially expressed circRNAs in a LSRA model, which are involved in the pathogenic mechanisms of LSRA and targeted by miRNAs associated with neuronal apoptosis.
FRONTIERS IN GENETICS
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Elham Poonaki, Ulf Dietrich Kahlert, Sven G. Meuth, Ali Gorji
Summary: Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) is a critical regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and plays a key role in neuroinflammation. The ZEB1-neuroinflammation axis is crucial for the pathogenesis of various CNS disorders and may serve as a diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic target.
JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Sally H. H. Mohamed, Tinashe K. K. Nyazika, Kenneth Ssebambulidde, Michail S. S. Lionakis, David B. B. Meya, Rebecca A. A. Drummond
Summary: Cryptococcal meningitis is the leading cause of central nervous system fungal infections in humans, especially in Africa due to high HIV burden and limited access to antifungal treatments. The immune response to Cryptococcus neoformans is not fully understood, but CD4(+) T-cells producing IFN-gamma play a crucial role in fungal clearance.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Fatai Lu, Guodong Zhang, Yingkang Zhu, Zunpeng Liu
Summary: This study found that EGCG has a neuroprotective effect against cell death caused by brachial plexus root avulsion, and this effect may be correlated with the inhibition of c-Jun phosphorylation.
CURRENT MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY
(2022)
Review
Oncology
Takahiro Masuda, Lukas Amann, Marco Prinz
Summary: This mini-review provides an overview of the current knowledge on the ontogenetic relationship and underlying mechanism for the establishment of CNS macrophages, highlighting their comparison with microglia.
CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE
(2022)
Review
Cell Biology
Fatemeh Tahmasebi, Shirin Barati
Summary: Microglia are primary immune cells in the CNS and play crucial roles in protecting the CNS. They originate from yolk sac macrophages and have important functions in maintaining CNS homeostasis. However, in pathological conditions, microglial activation can worsen diseases. Depletion of microglia using genetic tools and pharmacological inhibitors has been shown to have potential therapeutic benefits for neurodegenerative diseases.
CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Cell Biology
Megumi Andoh, Ryuta Koyama
Summary: Recent studies have shown that microglia in the CNS phagocytose neuronal synapses, sparking interest among neuroscientists. Additionally, both microglia and blood-derived monocytes demonstrate phagocytic ability in the CNS parenchyma, leading to increased complexity in the study of phagocytosis in the CNS.
Review
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Gabriela Gerganova, Alexandra Riddell, Alyson A. Miller
Summary: CNS border-associated macrophages (BAMs) are specialised macrophages located in specific areas of the brain. Recent research has revealed the diversity and complexity of BAM populations, as well as their roles in brain homeostasis and disease.
PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Xiaoyu Song, Wanfu Wu, Margaret Warner, Jan-Ake Gustafsson
Summary: This review discusses the role of liver X receptors (LXRs) in glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS). LXRs regulate genes involved in cholesterol homeostasis, inflammatory responses, and glutamate homeostasis. Studies on LXR knockout mice have shown that LXR beta is crucial for the health of various types of neurons in both CNS and peripheral nervous system. LXRs are also important for cerebrospinal fluid homeostasis. Despite the neurological deficits observed in LXR-deficient rodents, defective LXR signaling has only been identified in multiple sclerosis among human neurodegenerative diseases. Targeting LXRs in glial cells may hold potential for treating neurodegenerative diseases and disorders caused by abnormal neuronal migration during development.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Sydney Brockie, James Hong, Michael G. Fehlings
Summary: Neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the development of spinal cord injury, with microglia being key players in modulating the inflammatory response. Microglia interact with different cell types to facilitate injury response, but further research is needed to fully understand their mechanisms of action and spatial and temporal profiles.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2021)
Review
Neurosciences
Konstantin N. Zabegalov, Dongmei Wang, LongEn Yang, Jingtao Wang, Guojun Hu, Nazar Serikuly, Erik T. Alpyshov, Sergey L. Khatsko, Aleksander Zhdanov, Konstantin A. Demin, David S. Galstyan, Andrey D. Volgin, Murilo S. de Abreu, Tatyana Strekalova, Cai Song, Tamara G. Amstislavskaya, Yury Sysoev, Pavel E. Musienko, Allan Kalueff
Summary: Neuroglia, including microglia and astrocytes, play a critical role in modulating brain activity, development, metabolism, and signaling pathways by interacting with neurons. Zebrafish, with genetic and physiological similarities to humans and rodents, are becoming an important model organism for studying neuroglia and brain disorders, providing insights into key brain mechanisms and processes. Understanding the role of neuroglia in central nervous system disorders using zebrafish models is essential for translational research and future directions in this field.
BRAIN RESEARCH BULLETIN
(2021)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Aida Oryza Lopez-Ortiz, Ukpong B. Eyo
Summary: Glia play important roles in the development and maintenance of the central nervous system. Research suggests that astrocytes and microglia, two types of glial cells, may act together to influence various processes in the central nervous system. Understanding the interactions between these cells holds promise for developing therapies for brain pathologies.
JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY
(2023)
Review
Clinical Neurology
Sandra Amor, Niamh B. McNamara, Emma Gerrits, Manuel C. Marzin, Susanne M. Kooistra, Veronique E. Miron, Erik Nutma
Summary: Microglia, the resident myeloid cells in the central nervous system, have diverse roles in maintaining homeostasis, responding to diseases, and promoting repair. Advances in technology have revealed the complexity of microglial functions in white matter health. Additionally, microglia are intricately linked to various diseases and disease mechanisms.
ACTA NEUROPATHOLOGICA
(2022)