Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Nirmal Roy, Shirsendu Mitra, Harshal B. Nemade, Tapas K. Mandal
Summary: This study demonstrates a urea sensor based on a nanocomposite material, showing high sensitivity and stable performance, with potential applications for urea detection in raw milk samples.
IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL
(2021)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Tomasz Koczorowski, Arleta Glowacka-Sobotta, Stepan Sysak, Dariusz T. Mlynarczyk, Roman Lesyk, Tomasz Goslinski, Lukasz Sobotta
Summary: This study gathers and analyzes the latest research results on BODIPY-conjugated metallic nanoparticles, exploring their practicality in the diagnosis and treatment of tumor ailments as well as in sensing of heavy metals, and presents specific examples.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2022)
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Miroslav Kuba, Radek Pohl, Tomas Kraus, Michal Hocek
Summary: Nucleosides and 2'-deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) containing a bodipy fluorophore attached to position S of 2'-deoxycytidine were synthesized. They exhibited strong fluorescence and sensitivity to viscosity. The modified dNTPs served as substrates for DNA polymerases and were used for enzymatic synthesis of labeled DNA. The modified DNA probes acted as viscosity sensors, responding to protein binding. The dNTP with a longer linker was successfully transported into live cells and incorporated into genomic DNA, enabling DNA staining and imaging of DNA synthesis.
BIOCONJUGATE CHEMISTRY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Mladena Glavas, Katarina Zlatic, Dijana Jadresko, Ivan Ljubic, Nikola Basaric
Summary: Two BODIPY phenolic esters with different spectral properties were synthesized and their stability under acid-catalyzed hydrolysis and esterase enzymatic conditions was demonstrated. The introduction of methyl groups on the BODIPY core resulted in higher fluorescence quantum yields. Solvents had minimal effect on the spectral properties, with solvent polarizability having a more significant impact than solvent polarity. Both BODIPY dyes showed pH responsive fluorescence in aqueous solution, making them suitable for intracellular pH measurements. The feasibility of the quenching mechanism in the protonated form of one of the dyes was confirmed through electrochemical measurements and density functional theory computations. The potential of these dyes as electron donors provides new opportunities for the design of fluorescent sensors. Confocal fluorescence microscopy confirmed the applicability of these dyes for intracellular measurements in H460 human cancer cells.
Review
Chemistry, Analytical
Minmin Yan, Deming He, Lishen Zhang, Pengjuan Sun, Yuanqiang Sun, Lingbo Qu, Zhaohui Li
Summary: Boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) dyes with excellent photophysical properties, especially meso-substituted BODIPY dyes, have attracted attention for their tunable optical properties and potential biomedical applications as fluorescence probes.
TRAC-TRENDS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Saptaka Baruah, Bidyarani Maibam, Chandra Kamal Borah, Tanvi Agarkar, Ashvani Kumar, Sanjeev Kumar
Summary: In this study, nano-structured Zinc Oxide (ZnO) was synthesized using the hydrothermal method and modified with Cobalt (Co), Iron (Fe), and a mixture of Co and Fe (Co-Fe) for glucose sensing. Doped samples showed reduced photoluminescence intensity compared to pristine ZnO, with (Co-Fe) doped electrodes demonstrating better conductivity. The GOx-modified (Co-Fe) doped ZnO sensor exhibited a 2-fold sensitivity enhancement, making it a potential candidate for clinical diagnosis, industry, and food science applications.
IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL
(2021)
Review
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Manpreet Kaur, Anu Janaagal, Naresh Balsukuri, Iti Gupta
Summary: Aza-BODIPYs are a class of dyes that exhibit absorption and emission in the visible to near-infrared region. They have diverse applications in biology and material science. This review provides a comprehensive overview of aza-BODIPY dyes, including their synthetic methods, structural types, and applications in various fields.
COORDINATION CHEMISTRY REVIEWS
(2024)
Article
Electrochemistry
Marya Khan, Vandana Nagal, Umesh T. Nakate, Mohammad Rizwan Khan, Ajit Khosla, Rafiq Ahmad
Summary: This study successfully prepared CuO nanofibers using a hydrothermal method, which were applied in the fabrication of non-enzymatic biosensors, achieving high sensitivity, low detection limit, wide linear detection range, as well as good stability and selectivity.
JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Ling Li, Ji-Yong Zou, Chao Hong, Sheng-Yong You, Li Zhang
Summary: Developing a convenient and accurate temperature detection method is crucial in various fields such as industrial production, biochemical processes, and scientific research. In this study, two zinc-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) were synthesized as luminescence thermometers for tunable temperature range. The results showed that the luminescence signals of the MOFs decreased with increasing temperature, allowing for non-destructive temperature detection. Additionally, a linear relationship was observed between the luminescence intensities and low temperatures, indicating high relative sensitivity and small temperature uncertainties.
JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Filippo Franceschini, Maria Recaman Payo, Koen Schouteden, Jon Ustarroz, Jean Pierre Locquet, Irene Taurino
Summary: Reliable and microchip-compatible approaches to catalyst development for non-enzymatic glucose sensing using thin films of VOx on glassy carbon electrodes are reported. The electrochemical behavior of the VOx films and partial etching during polarization are examined, and a mechanistic description of the electrochemical process is proposed. The sensors show a wide linear range, good sensitivity, and a low limit of detection, making them promising for energy-efficient integrated electrochemical sensors and non-enzymatic glucose sensing.
ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Spectroscopy
Zhipeng Li, Saiqing Li, Hanxiao Lv, Jianliang Shen, Xiaojun He, Bo Peng
Summary: In this study, a new fluorescent probe was developed for monitoring O-2(center dot) with excellent selectivity and high brightness. Successful detection of endogenous O-2(center dot) changes in living cells was achieved through fluorescence imaging. The probe has potential applications in the diagnosis and study of related diseases.
SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA PART A-MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Shan Jiang, Lingchen Meng, Wenyue Ma, Guocui Pan, Wei Zhang, Yongcun Zou, Leijing Liu, Bin Xu, Wenjing Tian
Summary: In this study, COFs with water detection and adsorption properties were constructed and demonstrated high efficiency in water sensing and high water uptake capacity, showing promising prospects for future applications.
MATERIALS CHEMISTRY FRONTIERS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Jhorna Borah, Uddit Narayan Hazarika, Prithiviraj Khakhlary
Summary: A novel colorimetric probe has been developed for selective detection of fluoride and cyanide ions. The probe shows a significant color change in the presence of the ions, with detection limits of 2.2 x 10-7 and 1.8 x 10-7 M for F- and CN- respectively. The interaction between cyanide ions and the probe was found to be different from fluoride, suggesting a nucleophilic addition reaction. The reaction rate was determined to be first order and independent of solvent polarity.
Review
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Rafael C. Castro, David S. M. Ribeiro, Joao L. M. Santos
Summary: Research has focused on developing fast, efficient, cost-effective, and easy to handle analytical methodologies for on-site monitoring of various analytes. This work examines fluorescence-based visual detection methods using quantum dots, discussing strategies for implementing sensing platforms and enhancing sensitivity and selectivity.
COORDINATION CHEMISTRY REVIEWS
(2021)
Review
Chemistry, Analytical
Olaya Amor-Gutierrez, Estefania Costa-Rama, M. Teresa Fernandez-Abedul
Summary: This article introduces the latest methods of electrochemical determination of glucose using paper-based analytical devices. Paper as a low-cost biosensor substrate has great potential. Enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensors have been widely used due to their sensitivity and selectivity.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Tugba Celiker, Faezeh Ghorbanizamani, Hichem Moulahoum, Emine Guler Celik, Kerem Tok, Figen Zihnioglu, Candan Cicek, Ruchan Sertoz, Bilgin Arda, Tuncay Goksel, Kutsal Turhan, Suna Timur, Yusuf Yagci
Summary: A rapid and easy immunofluorescence bioassay for SARS-CoV-2 detection was developed using a one-pot synthetic approach for the production of a graft fluorescent copolymer PPy-g-PCL. The assay showed a detection range of 6.03-8.7 LOG viral copy mL(-1) and a high correlation with RT-PCR data. This study provides new insights for simplified synthesis procedures of reporter molecules and their potential applications in sensing and diagnosis.
Article
Cell Biology
Hichem Moulahoum, Faezeh Ghorbanizamani, Zineb Khiari, Mohamed Toumi, Yasmina Benazzoug, Kerem Tok, Suna Timur, Figen Zihnioglu
Summary: This study investigated the mechanism of action of Artemisia herba-alba (AHA) and its effects on diabetes-related liver damages. The results showed that AHA inhibited protein modification and AGE formation, reduced inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, and regulated the signaling pathways involved in liver damages caused by AGEs. The findings suggest that AHA has potential as a multitarget option in the therapy of diabetes and AGEs-related diseases.
MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Ceren Durmus, Duygu Harmanci, Hichem Moulahoum, Kerem Tok, Faezeh Ghorbanizamani, Serdar Sanli, Figen Zihnioglu, Serap Evran, Candan Cicek, Ruchan Sertoz, Bilgin Arda, Tuncay Goksel, Kutsal Turhan, Suna Timur, Simge Balaban Hanoglu
Summary: An electrochemical immunosensor based on SARS-CoV-2 antibody cocktail-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles has been developed for sensitive and accurate detection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and its variants. The antibody cocktail showed better performance compared to commercial antibodies, and could detect a wider range of variants.
Review
Chemistry, Analytical
Hichem Moulahoum, Faezeh Ghorbanizamani, Emine Guler Celik, Suna Timur
Summary: The evolution of biosensors and diagnostic devices has facilitated the development of sensing materials, strategies, and device structures. Polymeric composite materials, with their biocompatibility, flexibility, and low cost, show great promise in future lab-on-chip devices. They can also enhance the sensing capabilities of traditional 2D biosensors.
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Hichem Moulahoum, Faezeh Ghorbanizamani, Zineb Khiari, Mohamed Toumi, Yasmina Benazzoug, Suna Timur, Figen Zihnioglu
Summary: This study explores the effects of two Artemisia plant extracts on mitigating AGEs and their induced cell redox dysregulation in the liver. The results demonstrate that Artemisia absinthium phytoniosomes have a significant anti-AGE effect and can restore cell dysfunction and protect against apoptosis. Network pharmacology and bioinformatics analyses provide insights into the underlying mechanisms.
PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Hichem Moulahoum, Faezeh Ghorbanizamani, Serhan Sakarya, Suna Timur
Summary: Chitosan-based materials are widely used in various industries due to their environmental friendliness and antimicrobial properties. The addition of titanium dioxide and other nanoparticles has been shown to improve the performance of chitosan. In this study, chitosan-TiO2 nanocomposites with various metal ions were synthesized to create novel chitosan-based films with enhanced capacities. The films exhibited increased antioxidant activities, dye degradation capabilities, and antimicrobial activities. The most significant finding was that the films were able to perform their activities without the need for light activation, making them promising for various applications.
PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS
(2022)
Review
Chemistry, Analytical
Tutku Beduk, Duygu Beduk, Mohd Rahil Hasan, Emine Guler Celik, Jurgen Kosel, Jagriti Narang, Khaled Nabil Salama, Suna Timur
Summary: Smartphones with multiplexed sensors have the potential to provide personalized and early diagnostic methods for healthcare. The portability and accessibility of smartphones make them suitable for on-site detection analysis and fast, accurate disease diagnosis.
Review
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Simge Balaban Hanoglu, Duygu Harmanci, Nursima Ucar, Serap Evran, Suna Timur
Summary: In recent years, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been widely used in various fields, including cancer detection, due to their beneficial properties. Detecting microRNAs (miRNAs) in biological samples is challenging, but MNPs provide an effective solution with their large surface areas and magnetic moments. This article discusses the synthesis and characterization methods of MNPs and their application in miRNA detection using biosensing systems, considering the challenges and prospects in terms of development stages, sensitivity, and selectivity.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Huseyin Furkan Kiyikci, Okan Avci, Yudum Tepeli Buyuksunetci, Suna Timur, Ulku Anik
Summary: A facile amperometric biosensor was developed using a Co/2Fe metal-organic framework (MOF) with oxidase mimicking properties for the detection of sialic acid (SA). The biosensor was constructed by immobilizing Co/2Fe MOF and N-acetylneuraminic Acid Aldolase (NANA-Aldolase) enzyme on a gold screen-printed electrode. The sensor showed a linear range of 0.02 mM-1.00 mM for SA concentration and a limit of detection of 0.026 mM. The developed biosensor was successfully applied for the detection of SA in GD3 ganglioside and HeLa cancer cell lines, providing a more practical and accurate system.
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Faezeh Ghorbanizamani, Hichem Moulahoum, Emine Guler Celik, Suna Timur
Summary: The growing demand for personalized treatments and constant vital signs observation has led to the development of implantable biosensors that can temporarily or permanently be introduced into the human body. However, ensuring reliable functionality in the complex environment of the human body remains a critical challenge.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2023)
Review
Chemistry, Analytical
Bilge Asci Erkocyigit, Ozge Ozufuklar, Aysenur Yardim, Emine Guler Celik, Suna Timur
Summary: Microfluidics plays a crucial role in lab-on-a-chip systems, allowing for manipulation of fluid behavior and control on a small platform. Paper-based microfluidic analytical devices (muPADs) have numerous advantages, especially in cancer biomarker detection, and have the potential to improve diagnosis and treatment outcomes.
Review
Chemistry, Analytical
Nur Melis Kilic, Sima Singh, Gulsu Keles, Stefano Cinti, Sevinc Kurbanoglu, Dilek Odaci
Summary: Electrochemistry is an interdisciplinary science that has applications in various domains. The use of biosensors to measure biological or biochemical processes is critical in medical and biotechnological fields. There are electrochemical biosensors available for healthcare applications such as glucose, lactate, and nucleic acid detection. Enzyme-based biosensors using carbon-based nanomaterials are highly sensitive and selective, with fast reaction times. However, they can be influenced by environmental factors and the cost of enzymes and their immobilization can hinder their widespread use. This review discusses the design and applications of enzyme-based electrochemical nanobiosensors.
Review
Chemistry, Analytical
Faezeh Ghorbanizamani, Hichem Moulahoum, Emine Guler Celik, Figen Zihnioglu, Tutku Beduk, Tuncay Goksel, Kutsal Turhan, Suna Timur
Summary: Minimally invasive approaches in cancer diagnosis, such as liquid biopsies using blood samples, provide valuable information about the tumor and its state. However, isolating and detecting markers in complex matrices is challenging. Advances in polymer synthesis have led to enhanced platforms for liquid biopsies analysis, improving biosensor performance through increased sensitivity, improved binding, and avoidance of non-specific interactions. Additionally, polymer-based materials aid in signal amplification for low-concentration targets. This technology plays an essential role in oncology and clinical biomedicine, as shown by its critical application in liquid biopsies diagnosis.
Review
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Mohd. Rahil Hasan, Pradakshina Sharma, Shariq Suleman, Shouvik Mukherjee, Emine Guler Celik, Suna Timur, Roberto Pilloton, Jagriti Narang
Summary: Integrating electronic applications with paper can expand the uses of paper substrates, but putting electronics on paper is not easy. However, methods like building electronic devices on a rough, absorbent surface of the paper have made significant progress in paper electronics.
ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS
(2023)
Review
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Mohd Rahil Hasan, Pradakshina Sharma, Shariq Suleman, Shouvik Mukherjee, Emine Guler Celik, Suna Timur, Roberto Pilloton, Jagriti Narang
Summary: Integrating electronic applications with paper substrates can expand the potential uses of paper. While paper has advantages such as being disposable, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly, its rough and porous surface poses a challenge for putting electronics on paper. However, there are methods to make electronic devices compatible with the absorbent surface of paper.
ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Sicheng Jiao, Shixiang Wang, Minge Gao, Min Xu
Summary: This paper presents a non-contact method of thickness measurement for thin-walled rotary shell parts based on a chromatic confocal sensor. The method involves using a flip method to obtain surface profiles from both sides of the workpiece, measuring the decentration and tilt errors of the workpiece using a centering system, establishing a unified reference coordinate system, reconstructing the external and internal surface profiles, and calculating the thickness. Experimental results show that the method can accurately measure the thickness of a sapphire spherical shell workpiece and is consistent with measurements of other materials.
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Rajeev Kumar, Sajal Agarwal, Sarika Pal, Alka Verma, Yogendra Kumar Prajapati
Summary: This study evaluated the performance of a CaF2-Ag-MXene-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor at different wavelengths. The results showed that the sensor achieved the maximum sensitivity at a wavelength of 532 nm, and higher sensitivities were obtained at shorter wavelengths at the expense of detection accuracy.
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Attilio Di Nisio, Gregorio Andria, Francesco Adamo, Daniel Lotano, Filippo Attivissimo
Summary: Capacitive sensing is a widely used technique for a variety of applications, including avionics. However, current industry standard Capacitive Level Sensors (CLSs) used in helicopters perform poorly in terms of sensitivity and dynamic characteristics. In this study, novel geometries were explored and three prototypes were built and tested. Experimental validation showed that the new design featuring a helicoidal slit along the external electrode of the cylindrical probe improved sensitivity, response time, and linearity.
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Kai Yang, Huiqin Wang, Ke Wang, Fengchen Chen
Summary: This paper proposes an effective measurement method for dynamic compaction construction based on time series model, which enables real-time monitoring and measurement of anomalies and important construction parameters through simulating motion state transformation and running time estimation.
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Hui Fu, Qinghua Song, Jixiang Gong, Liping Jiang, Zhanqiang Liu, Qiang Luan, Hongsheng Wang
Summary: An automatic detection and pixel-level quantification model based on joint Mask R-CNN and TransUNet is developed to accurately evaluate microcrack damage on the grinding surfaces of engineering ceramics. The model is effectively trained on actual micrograph image dataset using a joint training strategy. The proposed model achieves reliable automatic detection and fine segmentation of microcracks, and a skeleton-based quantification model is also proposed to provide comprehensive and precise measurements of microcrack size.
Review
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Sang Yeob Kim, Da Yun Kwon, Arum Jang, Young K. Ju, Jong-Sub Lee, Seungkwan Hong
Summary: This paper reviews the categorization and applications of UAV sensors in forensic engineering, with a focus on geotechnical, structural, and water infrastructure fields. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of sensors with different wavelengths and addresses the challenges of current UAV technology and recommendations for further research in forensic engineering.
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Anton Nunez-Seoane, Joaquin Martinez-Sanchez, Erik Rua, Pedro Arias
Summary: This article compares the use of Mobile Laser Scanners (MLS) and Aerial Laser Scanners (ALS) for digitizing the road environment and detecting road slopes. The study found that ALS data and its corresponding algorithm achieved better detection and delimitation results compared to MLS. Measuring the road from a terrestrial perspective negatively impacted the detection process, while an aerial perspective allowed for scanning of the entire slope structure.
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Nur Luqman Saleh, Aduwati Sali, Raja Syamsul Azmir Raja Abdullah, Sharifah M. Syed Ahmad, Jiun Terng Liew, Fazirulhisyam Hashim, Fairuz Abdullah, Nur Emileen Abdul Rashid
Summary: This study introduces an enhanced signal processing scheme for detecting mouth-click signals used by blind individuals. By utilizing additional band-pass filtering and other steps, the detection accuracy is improved. Experimental results using artificial signal data showed a 100% success rate in detecting obstacles. The emerging concepts in this research are expected to benefit radar and sonar system applications.
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Jiqiang Tang, Shengjie Qiu, Lu Zhang, Jinji Sun, Xinxiu Zhou
Summary: This paper studies the magnetic noise level of a compact high-performance magnetically shielded room (MSR) under different operational conditions and establishes a quantitative model for magnetic noise calculation. Verification experiments show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Review
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Krzysztof Bartnik, Marcin Koba, Mateusz Smietana
Summary: The demand for miniaturized sensors in the biomedical industry is increasing, and optical fiber sensors (OFSs) are gaining popularity due to their small size, flexibility, and biocompatibility. This study reviews various OFS designs tested in vivo and identifies future perspectives and challenges for OFS technology development from a user perspective.
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Yue Wang, Lei Zhou, Zihao Li, Jun Wang, Xuangou Wu, Xiangjun Wang, Lei Hu
Summary: This paper presents a 3-D reconstruction method for dynamic stereo vision of metal surface based on line structured light, overcoming the limitation of the measurement range of static stereo vision. The proposed method uses joint calibration and global optimization to accurately reconstruct the 3-D coordinates of the line structured light fringe, improving the reconstruction accuracy.
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Jaafar Alsalaet
Summary: Order tracking analysis is an effective tool for machinery fault diagnosis and operational modal analysis. This study presents a new formulation for the data equation of the second-generation Vold-Kalman filter, using separated cosine and sine kernels to minimize error and provide smoother envelopes. The proposed method achieves high accuracy even with small weighting factors.
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Tonglei Cao, Kechen Song, Likun Xu, Hu Feng, Yunhui Yan, Jingbo Guo
Summary: This study constructs a high-resolution dataset for surface defects in ceramic tiles and addresses the scale and quantity differences in defect distribution. An improved approach is proposed by introducing a content-aware feature recombination method and a dynamic attention mechanism. Experimental results demonstrate the superior accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method.
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Qinghong Fu, Yunxi Lou, Jianghui Deng, Xin Qiu, Xianhua Chen
Summary: Measurement and quantitative characterization of aging-induced gradient properties is crucial for accurate analysis and design of asphalt pavement. This research proposes the composite specimen method to obtain asphalt binders at different depths within the mixture and uses dynamic shear rheometer tests to measure aging-induced gradient properties and reveal internal mechanisms. G* master curves are constructed to investigate gradient aging effects in a wide range. The study finds that the composite specimen method can effectively restore the boundary conditions and that it is feasible to study gradient aging characteristics within the asphalt mixture. The study also observes variations in G* and delta values and the depth range of gradient aging effects for different aging levels.
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Min Li, Kai Wei, Tianhe Xu, Yali Shi, Dixing Wang
Summary: Due to the limitations of ground monitoring stations in China for the BDS, the accuracy of BDS Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellite orbits can be influenced. To overcome this, low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites can be used as additional monitoring stations. In this study, data from two LEO satellites were collected to improve the precise orbit determination of the BDS. By comparing the results with GPS and BDS-2/3 solutions, it was found that including the LEO satellites significantly improved the accuracy of GPS and BDS-2/3 orbits.
