Review
Nutrition & Dietetics
Nancy E. Murphy, Christopher T. Carrigan, Lee M. Margolis
Summary: The use of high-fat, ketogenic diets to support physical performance has gained popularity, but the impact of such diets on performance remains controversial. A systematic review of 17 studies found that while ketogenic diets may have varying effects on endurance and power/strength performance, overall they do not significantly improve or impair physical performance compared to mixed macronutrient diets. Various factors such as duration of diet consumption, training status, performance tests, and sex differences may contribute to the conflicting results observed in different studies.
ADVANCES IN NUTRITION
(2021)
Review
Sport Sciences
Isaac A. Chavez-Guevara, Francisco J. Amaro-Gahete, Arnulfo Ramos-Jimenez, Jean Frederic Brun
Summary: This study aimed to provide exercise intensity guidelines and training volume recommendations for maximizing fat oxidation in patients with obesity. It was found that relative heart rate, rather than relative oxygen uptake, should be used for establishing FATmax reference values in these patients. A heart rate of 61-66% HRpeak should be recommended to patients with > 35% body fat, while a heart rate of 57-64% HRpeak should be recommended to patients with body fat < 35%.
Review
Cell Biology
Lee M. Margolis, Stefan M. Pasiakos, Emily E. Howard
Summary: Ketogenic diets and ketone supplements result in different changes in substrate metabolism, with supplements having a stronger ketosis effect. Ketogenic diets increase fat oxidation and accumulate ketone bodies as fuel, while supplements rapidly increase ketone body concentrations and inhibit fatty acid mobilization during aerobic exercise.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-CELL PHYSIOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Nutrition & Dietetics
Sabina S. H. Andersen, Ruixin Zhu, Louise Kjolbaek, Anne Raben
Summary: The use of non- and low-caloric sweetener(s) as a means to prevent overweight and obesity is highly debated. This systematic review found that drinks or meals with NCS or LCS resulted in higher fat and lower carbohydrate oxidation compared to caloric sweeteners. However, no other conclusions could be drawn due to insufficient or inconsistent results. Further studies in this research field are warranted.
Review
Nutrition & Dietetics
Menno Henselmans, Thomas Bjornsen, Richie Hedderman, Fredrik Tonstad Varvik
Summary: The effect of carbohydrate intake on strength training performance has not been systematically analyzed. Acute supplementation and short-term manipulation did not show beneficial effects, while long-term manipulation had inconsistent results. Carbohydrate intake has minimal impact on workouts consisting of up to 10 sets per muscle group, but may benefit performance during higher intensity workouts. More research is needed for further validation.
Review
Nutrition & Dietetics
Julie L. Coleman, Christopher T. Carrigan, Lee M. Margolis
Summary: The study suggests that high-fat ketogenic diets can help reduce body mass and fat mass while retaining fat-free mass. However, there is variability in the effects on fat-free mass among studies, and some studies have risk of bias.
JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF SPORTS NUTRITION
(2021)
Review
Sport Sciences
Shaun Sutehall, Borja Muniz-Pardos, Andrew Bosch, Yannis Pitsiladis
Summary: Adding sodium alginate to a carbohydrate beverage during exercise does not show significant benefits, but further research is needed for verification.
SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN
(2022)
Article
Nutrition & Dietetics
Philip J. Prins, Timothy D. Noakes, Alex Buga, Dominic P. D'Agostino, Jeff S. Volek, Jeffrey D. Buxton, Kara Heckman, Dalton W. Jones, Naomi E. Tobias, Holly M. Grose, Anna K. Jenkins, Kelli T. Jancay, Andrew P. Koutnik
Summary: Recent research challenges the notion that high carbohydrate, low fat (HCLF) diets are superior for athletic performance and highlights the potential health benefits of low carbohydrate, high fat (LCHF) diets. In this study, highly trained competitive middle-aged athletes followed either a HCLF or LCHF diet for 31 days and found that there were no significant differences in performance, body composition, or metabolic markers between the two groups. However, the LCHF diet resulted in higher rates of fat oxidation and improved glycemic control, especially in individuals at risk for diabetes.
FRONTIERS IN NUTRITION
(2023)
Article
Nutrition & Dietetics
Zachary M. Gillen, Vikkie A. Mustad, Marni E. Shoemaker, Brianna D. Mckay, Todd J. Leutzinger, Jose M. Lopez-Pedrosa, Ricardo Rueda, Joel T. Cramer
Summary: The study suggests that consuming a slow digesting carbohydrate (SDC) in pre-pubescent children may promote greater endogenous substrate utilization, which could have beneficial impacts on energy intake and carbohydrate regulation during growth and development.
CLINICAL NUTRITION
(2021)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Ana Clara Neville Armond Santos, Myrelle Louise Duarte de Souza, Adriane Moreira Machado, Camila Kummel Duarte
Summary: Diet composition has a significant impact on body composition. Adding olive oil to a calorie-restricted diet may be beneficial for weight loss, but its effect on body fat distribution remains unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the impact of olive oil consumption on body fat distribution in adults.
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Fatemeh Khodadadi, Reza Bagheri, Raoof Negaresh, Sajjad Moradi, Michael Nordvall, Donny M. Camera, Alexei Wong, Katsuhiko Suzuki
Summary: This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effects of different types of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on body composition changes. The results showed that HIIT, particularly cycling-based HIIT, led to reductions in fat mass and body fat percentage, as well as increased fat-free mass. These findings suggest that cycling-based HIIT may be the most effective for improving body composition.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE
(2023)
Review
Physiology
T. D. Noakes, P. J. Prins, J. S. Volek, D. P. D'Agostino, A. P. Koutnik
Summary: The crossover effect in exercise science states that fat oxidation is the primary fuel at rest and during low-intensity exercise, while carbohydrate oxidation becomes dominant at moderate to high exercise intensities. This effect makes four predictions: the crossover point at which >50% of energy comes from carbohydrate oxidation is at >= 60% VO(2)max; each individual has a maximum fat oxidation capacity lower than the crossover point; fat oxidation is minimized at >= 85% VO(2)max, making carbohydrates the predominant fuel; and high-carbohydrate low-fat diets enhance exercise performance. However, recent studies challenge these predictions and suggest that a low-carbohydrate high-fat diet can shift the crossover point and increase fat oxidation rates.
FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Sport Sciences
Lee M. Margolis, Kara L. Marlatt, Claire E. Berryman, Emily E. Howard, Nancy E. Murphy, Christopher T. Carrigan, Melissa N. Harris, Robbie A. Beyl, Eric Ravussin, Stefan M. Pasiakos, Jennifer C. Rood
Summary: The study aimed to determine the effects of testosterone enanthate injections on energy expenditure, energy substrate oxidation, and gene expression during energy deficit. The results showed that increased physical activity, rather than exogenous testosterone administration, was the primary determinant of metabolic adaptations during diet and exercise-induced energy deficit.
MEDICINE & SCIENCE IN SPORTS & EXERCISE
(2023)
Article
Nutrition & Dietetics
David S. Ludwig, Frank B. Hu, Alice H. Lichtenstein, Walter C. Willett
Summary: Worldwide dietary guidelines in the late 20th century promoted a low-fat diet based on the belief that dietary fat causes excess weight gain. However, recent high-quality evidence refutes this association. Substituting carbohydrates for unsaturated fat may increase insulin resistance and cardiometabolic disease, particularly in populations with prevalent insulin resistance. Therefore, the recent WHO recommendation to limit dietary fat to <= 30% seems ill advised and should be reconsidered.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION
(2023)
Article
Geriatrics & Gerontology
Marni E. Shoemaker, Suzette L. Pereira, Vikkie A. Mustad, Zachary M. Gillen, Brianna D. McKay, Jose M. Lopez-Pedrosa, Ricardo Rueda, Joel T. Cramer
Summary: This study examined the differences in muscle energy metabolism and metabolic flexibility between sarcopenic and nonsarcopenic older adults. The results showed that sarcopenic individuals displayed impaired ability to adapt fuel utilization in response to feeding and exercise, indicating metabolic inflexibility. This impaired metabolic flexibility may be a mechanism underlying the loss of strength and physical function in sarcopenia.
JOURNAL OF CACHEXIA SARCOPENIA AND MUSCLE
(2022)
Article
Sport Sciences
Nessan Costello, Kevin Deighton, Cloe Cummins, Sarah Whitehead, Thomas Preston, Ben Jones
Summary: The study revealed limitations in utilizing isolated or combined wearable technology to accurately determine the total energy expenditure of professional collision-based sport athletes across different stages of the season.
JOURNAL OF STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING RESEARCH
(2022)
Review
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Owen R. Cowell, Nathan Mistry, Kevin Deighton, Jamie Matu, Alex Griffiths, Anne Marie Minihane, John C. Mathers, Oliver M. Shannon, Mario Siervo
Summary: The study found that Mediterranean diet intervention can effectively reduce blood pressure and is associated with dietary habits. Randomized controlled trials showed that the Mediterranean diet can reduce mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure by 1.4 mmHg and 1.5 mmHg, respectively.
JOURNAL OF HYPERTENSION
(2021)
Review
Sport Sciences
Sarah Chantler, Alex Griffiths, Jamie Matu, Glen Davison, Ben Jones, Kevin Deighton
Summary: An acute bout of exercise can lead to increased gut damage and permeability in healthy populations, with greater damage observed in hot conditions. Exercise duration does not significantly affect gut damage or permeability outcomes. Further research into nutritional strategies to minimize gut damage post-exercise is needed.
Article
Nutrition & Dietetics
Kelsie Olivia Johnson, Adrian Holliday, Nathan Mistry, Andrew Cunniffe, Kieran Howard, Nicholas Stanger, Lauren L. O'Mahoney, Jamie Matu, Theocharis Ispoglou
Summary: Increasing fat-free mass in older adults is associated with an increase in ad libitum energy intake and postprandial appetite.
Review
Nutrition & Dietetics
Alex Griffiths, Jamie Matu, Eleanor Whyte, Petros Akin-Nibosun, Tom Clifford, Emma Stevenson, Oliver Michael Shannon
Summary: This review discusses the potential effects of a Mediterranean diet on competitive athletes, including reducing disease risk and enhancing performance. The article highlights that modifications to the Mediterranean diet in accordance with contemporary sports nutrition practices could benefit the health and performance of athletes.
BRITISH JOURNAL OF NUTRITION
(2022)
Review
Food Science & Technology
Rachel Kimble, Phebee Gouinguenet, Ammar Ashor, Christopher Stewart, Kevin Deighton, Jamie Matu, Alex Griffiths, Fiona C. Malcomson, Abraham Joel, David Houghton, Emma Stevenson, Anne Marie Minihane, Mario Siervo, Oliver M. Shannon, John C. Mathers
Summary: This review examines the impact of the Mediterranean dietary pattern (MedDiet) on gut microbiota composition and metabolites. The overall evidence from randomized controlled trials and observational studies does not provide clear support for a consistent effect of the MedDiet on the composition or metabolism of the gut microbiota. The diverse methods used in the studies, cohort characteristics, and variable study quality may contribute to these findings. Further well-designed studies are needed to enhance understanding of the potential effects of the MedDiet on gut microbiota.
CRITICAL REVIEWS IN FOOD SCIENCE AND NUTRITION
(2023)
Review
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Sarah Chantler, Alex Griffiths, Jamie Matu, Glen Davison, Adrian Holliday, Ben Jones
Summary: Nutrition strategies and supplements may play a role in reducing exercise-induced gastrointestinal cell damage and permeability. Studies have shown that bovine colostrum, glutamine, carbohydrate supplementation, and maintaining hydration levels can help reduce endothelial damage and improve gut permeability associated with exercise. Some positive findings have also been observed with single strain probiotics.
Article
Hematology
Paola Ghione, M. Lia Palomba, Anik R. Patel, Sabela Bobillo, Kevin Deighton, Caron A. Jacobson, Myrna Nahas, Anthony J. Hatswell, A. Scott Jung, Steve Kanters, Julia Thornton Snider, Sattva S. Neelapu, Maria Teresa Ribeiro, M. Alan Brookhart, Herve Ghesquieres, John Radford, John G. Gribben
Summary: In this study, the efficacy of axicabtagene ciloleucel (axi-cel) in relapsed/refractory follicular lymphoma patients was compared with the international SCHOLAR-5 cohort. The results showed that axi-cel demonstrated a significant improvement in meaningful clinical endpoints compared to available therapies, addressing an important unmet need for these patients.
Review
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Eleanor Whyte, Alexandra Sutcliffe, Philip Keegan, Tom Clifford, Jamie Matu, Oliver M. Shannon, Alex Griffiths
Summary: Partial penectomy for penile cancer can lead to a decrease in sexual function, but many patients are still able to maintain satisfactory sex lives. Factors such as penile length, age, and anxiety levels may affect post-operative sexual function.
Review
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Tamla S. Evans, Pooja Dhir, Duncan Radley, Cristiana Duarte, Chris Keyworth, Catherine Homer, Andy J. Hill, Rhiannon Hawkes, Jamie Matu, James McKenna, Louisa J. Ells
Review
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Alex Griffiths, Rob Brooks, Rebecca Haythorne, Gill Kelly, Jamie Matu, Tamara Brown, Kanar Ahmed, Linda Hindle, Louisa Ells
Summary: Allied Health Professionals (AHPs) play a role in promoting healthy behaviors and preventing obesity in young children through routine contact points and structured weight management programs. While AHP interventions have shown improvements in nutritional behavior and reduced screen time, the effects on weight outcomes have been inconsistent. Preliminary evidence suggests that AHP interventions may be more effective for children of lower socioeconomic status or living in underprivileged areas, but further research is needed to evaluate the use of routine contact points in preventing obesity.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Oliver M. Shannon, Janice M. Ranson, Sarah Gregory, Helen Macpherson, Catherine Milte, Marleen Lentjes, Angela Mulligan, Claire McEvoy, Alex Griffiths, Jamie Matu, Tom R. Hill, Ashley Adamson, Mario Siervo, Anne Marie Minihane, Graciela Muniz-Tererra, Craig Ritchie, John C. Mathers, David J. Llewellyn, Emma Stevenson
Summary: According to the study, high adherence to a Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) is associated with a lower risk of dementia. This study highlights the importance of diet in dementia prevention.
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Alex Griffiths, Shatha Alhulaefi, Eleanor J. Hayes, Jamie Matu, Kirsten Brandt, Anthony Watson, Mario Siervo, Oliver M. Shannon
Summary: In recent years, studies have found that increasing dietary nitrate intake can have positive effects on blood pressure, endothelial function, platelet aggregation, cognitive function, brain perfusion, and exercise performance. Most of these studies have used concentrated beetroot juice as the source of dietary nitrate. However, this review explores the potential benefits and drawbacks of consuming whole nitrate-rich vegetables to increase dietary nitrate intake. The cost, convenience, availability, feasibility/acceptability, and efficacy of consuming nitrate from whole vegetables are compared against concentrated beetroot juice as defined supplements. Possible strategies for maximizing nitrate intake from whole vegetables and future research directions are also discussed.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Zhuoxiu Jin, Alice E. Thackray, James A. King, Kevin Deighton, Melanie J. Davies, David J. Stensel
Summary: This study assessed the accuracy of the FreeStyle Libre2 (TM) continuous glucose monitoring system in healthy women. The system was found to overestimate glucose concentrations, especially during hypoglycemia and glycaemic swings.
