Article
Genetics & Heredity
Jacob Gutierrez, Brett A. Davis, Kimberly A. Nevonen, Samantha Ward, Lucia Carbone, Cheryl L. Maslen
Summary: Turner Syndrome (TS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the loss or variation of the second sex chromosome. This study found significant differences in DNA methylation patterns associated with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) in TS patients. The findings suggest that altered DNA methylation affecting key genes involved in aortic valve development contributes to the increased risk of BAV in TS.
FRONTIERS IN GENETICS
(2022)
Review
Cell Biology
Sang Hoon Yoon, Ga Yeon Kim, Gyu Tae Choi, Jeong Tae Do
Summary: Turner syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by incomplete dosage compensation of X-linked genes. It affects multiple organ systems and leads to various manifestations, including hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, short stature, cardiovascular abnormalities, liver and kidney disease, brain abnormalities, and skeletal problems. Understanding the phenotypic and disease manifestations of Turner syndrome in different organs is important for comprehensive management of patients with this condition.
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Anji T. Yetman, Karl Stessy M. Bisselou, Jennifer N. Sanmann, Renee J. Katz, Catherine J. Steingraeber, Megan Wilde, Mary Murray, Lois J. Starr
Summary: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of vascular dissection and risk factors in women with Turner syndrome, finding ascending aortic dissection is not uncommon in this patient cohort, with a lack of transition to adult cardiology subspecialty care. Ongoing interaction with a cardiologist is crucial for optimizing cardiac outcomes.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARDIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Pediatrics
Sabikha Alam, J'Neka S. Claxton, Michael Mortillo, Leandros Sassis, Pelagia Kefala-Karli, Michael Silberbach, Lazaros Kochilas, Stephanie Burns Wechsler
Summary: Long-term survival rates in Turner syndrome patients after congenital heart surgery for LHOLs are comparable to nonsyndromic counterparts, but they still have increased risk of cardiovascular disease morbidity.
JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS
(2021)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Nunzia Mollo, Roberta Scognamiglio, Anna Conti, Simona Paladino, Lucio Nitsch, Antonella Izzo
Summary: Down syndrome (DS), caused by trisomy of chromosome 21 (Hsa21), is a major cause of congenital heart defects (CHD). The overexpression of Hsa21 genes likely contributes to CHD, along with genes on other chromosomes, miRNAs, and lncRNAs. ECM plays a key role in cardiac morphogenesis, with many ECM genes overexpressed in trisomic fetal hearts.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Benjamin J. Landis, Lindsey R. Helvaty, Gabrielle C. Geddes, Jiuann-Huey Ivy Lin, Svetlana A. Yatsenko, Cecilia W. Lo, William L. Border, Stephanie Burns Wechsler, Chaya N. Murali, Mahshid S. Azamian, Seema R. Lalani, Robert B. Hinton, Vidu Garg, Kim L. McBride, Jennelle C. Hodge, Stephanie M. Ware
Summary: This study analyzes the association between abnormal chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) and cardiac phenotypes in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). The results show that some CHD cases are caused by genomic disorders, some are caused by copy number variants (CNVs), and some are caused by regions of homozygosity. The classification analysis reveals different types of CHD and identifies new CHD types. Different types of CNVs are associated with the complexity of CHD. CNVs containing specific genes are associated with specific phenotypes of CHD. In addition, single-gene CNVs are associated with neuronal-related pathways.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION
(2023)
Review
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Roopa Kanakatti Shankar
Summary: Turner syndrome (TS), characterized by the absence of an X-chromosome, provides unique insights into the relationship between the X-chromosome and the immune system. Women with TS have a higher risk of autoimmune diseases, possibly influenced by X-chromosome gene dosage, genome-wide epigenetic changes, and hormonal environment.
HORMONE RESEARCH IN PAEDIATRICS
(2021)
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Jenifer P. Suntharalingham, Miho Ishida, Antoinette Cameron-Pimblett, Sinead M. McGlacken-Byrne, Federica Buonocore, Ignacio del Valle, Gaganjit Kaur Madhan, Tony Brooks, Gerard S. Conway, John C. Achermann
Summary: This study aimed to investigate the global genetic variability in women with Turner syndrome (TS), whether common variants in X genes are associated with phenotype, and the replication of the association between autosomal TIMP3 variants and congenital cardiovascular anomalies (CCA). The results showed that there was no excess of genetic variability in women with TS, no obvious X-chromosome variants driving phenotype were found, but several possible genes/variants of interest emerged. Additionally, the association between autosomal TIMP3 variants and CCA was replicated.
FRONTIERS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Ying Zhang, Yongchen Yang, Pin Li, Sheng Guo
Summary: This study found that the retained X-chromosome derived from both parents is associated with a poorer response to GH therapy in Turner syndrome patients. The mother's age and height at the time of birth can significantly impact the patient's body/sexual development and the response to GH treatment. Therefore, careful consideration of the mother's age and height at birth, as well as the parental origin of the X-chromosome, is essential before developing a treatment plan for TS.
Article
Infectious Diseases
Mateus V. de Castro, Monize V. R. Silva, Luana de M. Oliveira, Sarah C. Gozzi-Silva, Michel S. Naslavsky, Marilia O. Scliar, Monize L. Magalhaes, Katia M. da Rocha, Kelly Nunes, Erick C. Castelli, Jhosiene Y. Magawa, Keity S. Santos, Edecio Cunha-Neto, Maria N. Sato, Mayana Zatz
Summary: Researchers have found that patients with Turner syndrome have a weakened immune response to SARS-CoV-2, making them more susceptible to COVID-19. They also identified rare genetic variants related to interferon immunity in their genes. These findings are important for understanding the impact of COVID-19 in different populations.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Review
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Claus H. Gravholt, Mette Viuff, Jesper Just, Kristian Sandahl, Sara Brun, Janielle van der Velden, Niels H. Andersen, Anne Skakkebaek
Summary: Turner syndrome is a rare genetic condition in females characterized by the absence or partial absence of the second sex chromosome, resulting in various clinical features such as short stature, ovarian dysgenesis, delayed puberty and infertility, congenital malformations, endocrine disorders, and neurocognitive deficits. A multidisciplinary approach is necessary for the management of TS, and recent clinical advances and genomic discoveries in this field are reviewed and discussed.
Article
Pediatrics
Bryanna N. Schwartz, Lisa A. Hom, Isabelle Von Kohorn, Jeffrey Becker, Sandra S. Cuzzi, Sue Ellin Grier Clarke, Sharon C. Kiernan, Gerard R. Martin
Summary: The study evaluated newborn pulse oximetry screening outcomes at a large community hospital and the impact of the recommended revised screening algorithm. Results showed that pulse oximetry screening is an effective tool for identifying critical congenital heart disease and other conditions.
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Qingquan Zhang, Daniel Carlin, Fugui Zhu, Paola Cattaneo, Trey Ideker, Sylvia M. Evans, Joshua Bloomekatz, Neil C. Chi
Summary: Through single-cell and genetic lineage analyses, a previously unknown clonal relationship between extraembryonic mesoderm and cardiac lineages was revealed. Progenitors from both embryonic and extraembryonic sources were found to contribute to different cell types in the heart, highlighting a shared lineage between embryonic cardiovascular lineages and extraembryonic mesoderm. These findings suggest potential implications for heart repair using extraembryonic cells and shed light on the association between congenital heart disease and placental insufficiency anomalies.
CIRCULATION RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Francesca Graziani, Giulia Iannaccone, Maria Chiara Meucci, Rosa Lillo, Angelica Bibiana Delogu, Maria Grandinetti, Gianluigi Perri, Lorenzo Galletti, Antonio Amodeo, Gianfranco Butera, Aurelio Secinaro, Antonella Lombardo, Gaetano Antonio Lanza, Francesco Burzotta, Filippo Crea, Massimo Massetti
Summary: This study assessed the prevalence and clinical impact of severe valvular heart disease in adult congenital heart disease patients. The results showed that severe valvular heart disease was independently associated with cardiovascular mortality and hospitalization, and had incremental prognostic value.
FRONTIERS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE
(2022)
Review
Genetics & Heredity
Leslye Venegas-Zamora, Francisco Bravo-Acuna, Francisco Sigcho, Wileidy Gomez, Jose Bustamante-Salazar, Zully Pedrozo, Valentina Parra
Summary: This article provides an overview of the genetic background of Down syndrome and the involvement of genes and non-coding RNAs in heart diseases. It also discusses the impact of altered pathways in cardiomyocytes and the role of mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction in heart function and development.
FRONTIERS IN GENETICS
(2022)
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Yoichi Imori, Ken Kato, Victoria L. Cammann, Konrad A. Szawan, Manfred Wischnewsky, Sara Dreiding, Michael Wuerdinger, Maximilian Schoenberger, Vanya Petkova, David Niederseer, Rena A. Levinson, Davide Di Vece, Sebastiano Gili, Burkhardt Seifert, Masaki Wakita, Noriko Suzuki, Rodolfo Citro, Eduardo Bossone, Susanne Heiner, Maike Knorr, Thomas Jansen, Thomas Muenzel, Fabrizio D'Ascenzo, Jennifer Franke, Ioana Sorici-Barb, Hugo A. Katus, Annahita Sarcon, Jerold Shinbane, L. Christian Napp, Johann Bauersachs, Milosz Jaguszewski, Reiko Shiomura, Shunichi Nakamura, Hitoshi Takano, Michel Noutsias, Christof Burgdorf, Iwao Ishibashi, Toshiharu Himi, Wolfgang Koenig, Heribert Schunkert, Holger Thiele, Behrouz Kherad, Carsten Tschope, Burkert M. Pieske, Lawrence Rajan, Guido Michels, Roman Pfister, Shingo Mizuno, Alessandro Cuneo, Claudius Jacobshagen, Gerd Hasenfuss, Mahir Karakas, Hiroki Mochizuki, Alexander Pott, Wolfgang Rottbauer, Samir M. Said, Ruediger C. Braun-Dullaeus, Adrian Banning, Toshiaki Isogai, Akihisa Kimura, Florim Cuculi, Richard Kobza, Thomas A. Fischer, Tuija Vasankari, K. E. Juhani Airaksinen, Yasuhiro Tomita, Monika Budnik, Grzegorz Opolski, Rafal Dworakowski, Philip MacCarthy, Christoph Kaiser, Stefan Osswald, Leonarda Galiuto, Filippo Crea, Wolfgang Dichtl, Tsutomu Murakami, Yuji Ikari, Klaus Empen, Daniel Beug, Stephan B. Felix, Clement Delmas, Olivier Lairez, Tetsuo Yamaguchi, Ibrahim El-Battrawy, Ibrahim Akin, Martin Borggrefe, John D. Horowitz, Martin Kozel, Petr Tousek, Petr Widimsky, Ekaterina Gilyarova, Alexandra Shilova, Mikhail Gilyarov, Michael Neuhaus, Philippe Meyer, Jose David Arroja, Christina Chan, Paul Bridgman, Jan Galuszka, Gregor Poglajen, Pedro Carrilho-Ferreira, Fausto J. Pinto, Christian Hauck, Lars S. Maier, Kan Liu, Carlo Di Mario, Carla Paolini, Claudio Bilato, Matteo Bianco, Lucas Joerg, Hans Rickli, David E. Winchester, Christian Ukena, Michael Boehm, Jeroen J. Bax, Abhiram Prasad, Charanjit S. Rihal, Shigeru Saito, Yoshio Kobayashi, Thomas F. Luscher, Frank Ruschitzka, Wataru Shimizu, Jelena R. Ghadri, Christian Templin
Summary: This study compared clinical characteristics and in-hospital outcomes between Japanese and European takotsubo syndrome (TTS) patients, revealing differences in triggers and outcomes between the two ethnic groups. Despite worse in-hospital outcomes for Japanese patients, ethnicity itself does not appear to impact TTS patient outcomes. Machine learning analysis identified physical stressors as the most important prognostic factor for both Japanese and European TTS patients.
CLINICAL RESEARCH IN CARDIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Marianna Adamo, Matteo Pagnesi, Antonio Popolo Rubbio, Luca Branca, Carmelo Grasso, Paolo Denti, Arturo Giordano, Maurizio Tusa, Federico De Marco, Laura Lupi, Antonio L. Bartorelli, Cosmo Godino, Rodolfo Citro, Francesco De Felice, Annalisa Mongiardo, Ida Monteforte, Emmanuel Villa, Cristina Giannini, Luca Testa, Salvatore Curello, Giuseppe Tarantini, Corrado Tamburino, Francesco Bedogni, Marco Metra
Summary: In patients with secondary MR undergoing TEER, an optimal procedural result is associated with favorable outcomes and can be achieved by selecting patients with moderate-to-severe MR, without severe left ventricular dilatation, and treated in high-volume centers.
CATHETERIZATION AND CARDIOVASCULAR INTERVENTIONS
(2022)
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Michael P. Henry, Juan Cotella, Victor Mor-Avi, Karima Addetia, Tatsuya Miyoshi, Marcus Schreckenberg, Michael Blankenhagen, Niklas Hitschrich, Vivekanandan Amuthan, Rodolfo Citro, Masao Daimon, Pedro Gutierrez-Fajardo, Ravi Kasliwal, James N. Kirkpatrick, Mark J. Monaghan, Denisa Muraru, Kofo O. Ogunyankin, Seung Woo Park, Ana Clara Tude Rodrigues, Ricardo Ronderos, Anita Sadeghpour, Gregory Scalia, Masaaki Takeuchi, Wendy Tsang, Edwin S. Tucay, Mei Zhang, Roberto M. Lang, Federico M. Asch
Summary: This study provides normative values for mitral valve size and morphology using three-dimensional echocardiography. The results show differences in measurements among different age, sex, and race groups, but these differences need to be interpreted with caution due to measurement variability.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
(2022)
Review
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Andreina Carbone, Brigida Ranieri, Rossana Castaldo, Monica Franzese, Salvatore Rega, Antonio Cittadini, Martin Czerny, Eduardo Bossone
Summary: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to investigate sex differences in patients with type A acute aortic dissection (AAD). The study found that female sex phenotype is evident in type A AAD, suggesting the need for personalized management and tailored preventive strategies. Interestingly, while in-hospital surgical mortality did not differ between sexes, 5- and 10-year survival was higher among men. More sex-specific data from international clinical registries and trials are needed.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE CARDIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Artur Evangelista, Marta Sitges, Guillaume Jondeau, Robin Nijveldt, Mauro Pepi, Hug Cuellar, Gianluca Pontone, Eduardo Bossone, Maarten Groenink, Marc R. Dweck, Jolien W. Roos-Hesselink, L. Mazzolai, Roland van Kimmenade, Victor Aboyans, Jose Rodriguez-Palomares
Summary: Imaging techniques are crucial for diagnosing, monitoring, and managing aortic diseases. Different imaging modalities, including echocardiography, computed tomography, cardiovascular magnetic resonance, and nuclear imaging, each have their own strengths and limitations in assessing the aorta. This consensus document aims to review the contribution, methodology, and indications of each technique for effective management of thoracic aortic diseases, emphasizing the importance of regular imaging follow-up in assessing cardiovascular risk factors and blood pressure control in patients with diseased aorta.
EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL-CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING
(2023)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Filippo Cademartiri, Antonella Meloni, Laura Pistoia, Giulia Degiorgi, Alberto Clemente, Carmelo De Gori, Vincenzo Positano, Simona Celi, Sergio Berti, Michele Emdin, Daniele Panetta, Luca Menichetti, Bruna Punzo, Carlo Cavaliere, Eduardo Bossone, Luca Saba, Riccardo Cau, Ludovico La Grutta, Erica Maffei
Summary: Photon-counting detector (PCD) is a novel computed tomography detector technology that has many advantages in the neurovascular field, such as increased spatial resolution, reduced radiation exposure, and optimization of contrast agents and material decomposition. This overview of literature on PCCT describes the principles, advantages, and disadvantages of conventional detectors and PCDs, and focuses specifically on its implementation in the neurovascular field.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE
(2023)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Michele Arcopinto, Roberta D'Assante, Renata Simona Auriemma, Rosa Pirchio, Rosario Pivonello, Eduardo Bossone, Annamaria Colao, Antonio Cittadini
Summary: This study examines the effects of chronic hyperprolactinemia on cardiac structure and function in humans. It finds that hyperprolactinemic patients show a slight impairment of diastolic filling and a worse exercise capacity, particularly in a subgroup of females. However, there are no significant abnormalities in left ventricular structure and systolic function.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE
(2023)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Antonella Meloni, Filippo Cademartiri, Laura Pistoia, Giulia Degiorgi, Alberto Clemente, Carmelo De Gori, Vincenzo Positano, Simona Celi, Sergio Berti, Michele Emdin, Daniele Panetta, Luca Menichetti, Bruna Punzo, Carlo Cavaliere, Eduardo Bossone, Luca Saba, Riccardo Cau, Ludovico La Grutta, Erica Maffei
Summary: Photon-counting computed tomography (PCCT) is an emerging technology that is expected to revolutionize clinical CT imaging. PCCT offers various advantages over conventional CT, which can be utilized to enhance and broaden the diagnostic capabilities of CT angiography. This article discusses the potential opportunities and promising future applications of PCCT in vascular imaging.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE
(2023)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Ciro Mauro, Valentina Capone, Rosangela Cocchia, Filippo Cademartiri, Ferdinando Riccardi, Michele Arcopinto, Maie Alshahid, Kashif Anwar, Mariano Carafa, Andreina Carbone, Rossana Castaldo, Salvatore Chianese, Giulia Crisci, Roberta D'Assante, Mariarosaria De Luca, Monica Franzese, Domenico Galzerano, Vincenzo Maffei, Alberto M. Marra, Valeria Valente, Federica Giardino, Alfredo Mazza, Brigida Ranieri, Anna D'Agostino, Salvatore Rega, Luigia Romano, Sarah Scagliarini, Chiara Sepe, Olga Vriz, Raffaele Izzo, Antonio Cittadini, Eduardo Bossone, Andrea Salzano
Summary: Cardiovascular diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality among cancer survivors, particularly breast cancer survivors. The use of certain chemotherapeutics in breast cancer treatment can lead to cardiac dysfunction. Therefore, it is important to have a multidisciplinary approach for preventing, detecting, and treating cardiotoxicity in breast cancer patients.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE
(2023)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Filippo Cademartiri, Antonella Meloni, Laura Pistoia, Giulia Degiorgi, Alberto Clemente, Carmelo De Gori, Vincenzo Positano, Simona Celi, Sergio Berti, Michele Emdin, Daniele Panetta, Luca Menichetti, Bruna Punzo, Carlo Cavaliere, Eduardo Bossone, Luca Saba, Riccardo Cau, Ludovico La Grutta, Erica Maffei
Summary: The photon-counting detector (PCD) is a new technology that provides significant benefits for cardiac and coronary artery imaging. Compared with conventional CT, PCCT has improved capabilities such as multi-energy capability, increased spatial resolution, reduced radiation exposure, and optimized use of contrast agents. It also overcomes limitations of traditional CCT/CCTA, such as reducing artifacts and enabling more precise assessment of stenosis and plaque characteristics. PCCT also has potential applications in characterizing myocardial tissue using a double-contrast agent.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE
(2023)
Letter
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Maria Angela Losi, Eduardo Bossone, Raffaele Piccolo, Grazia Canciello, Daniela Pacella, Giulia Crisci, Andreina Carbone, Francesco Ferrara, Raffaele Izzo, Giovanni Esposito, Antonio Cittadini
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE CARDIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Patrizia Toia, Ludovico La Grutta, Salvatore Vitabile, Bruna Punzo, Carlo Cavaliere, Carmelo Militello, Leonardo Rundo, Domenica Matranga, Clarissa Filorizzo, Erica Maffei, Massimo Galia, Massimo Midiri, Roberto Lagalla, Luca Saba, Eduardo Bossone, Filippo Cademartiri
Summary: This study proposes an advanced computer-assisted approach to analyze epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) in patients undergoing Cardiac CT (CCT) during statin administration, and examines its relation to body mass index (BMI). The study finds that statins can lead to significant quantitative and qualitative changes in EAT detected by CCT, and BMI influences the composition of EAT.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2023)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Angela Zagatina, Maria Rivadeneira Ruiz, Quirino Ciampi, Karina Wierzbowska-Drabik, Jaroslaw Kasprzak, Elena Kalinina, Irina Begidova, Jesus Peteiro, Rosina Arbucci, Sofia Marconi, Jorge Lowenstein, Alla Boshchenko, Fiore Manganelli, Jelena Celutkiene, Doralisa Morrone, Elisa Merli, Federica Re, Clarissa Borguezan-Daros, Maciej Haberka, Ariel K. Saad, Ana Djordjevic-Dikic, Nithima Chaowalit Ratanasit, Fausto Rigo, Paolo Colonna, Jose Luis de Castro e Silva Pretto, Fabio Mori, Maria Grazia D'Alfonso, Miodrag Ostojic, Bojan Stanetic, Tamara Kovacevic Preradovic, Fabio Costantino, Andrea Barbieri, Rodolfo Citro, Annalisa Pitino, Mauro Pepi, Scipione Carerj, Patricia A. Pellikka, Eugenio Picano
Summary: In patients with chronic coronary syndromes, left atrial dilation and reservoir dysfunction are often present in paroxysmal and permanent atrial fibrillation. These abnormalities are associated with more frequent inducible ischemia and pulmonary congestion during stress.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE
(2023)
Review
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Antonella Meloni, Filippo Cademartiri, Vicenzo Positano, Simona Celi, Sergio Berti, Alberto Clemente, Ludovico La Grutta, Luca Saba, Eduardo Bossone, Carlo Cavaliere, Bruna Punzo, Erica Maffei
Summary: Photon-counting computed tomography (PCCT) is an emerging technology that offers several advantages over conventional CT, including improved spatial resolution and signal behavior, reduced noise and artifacts, decreased radiation dose, and enhanced material discrimination. This review highlights the potential diagnostic capabilities of PCCT in cardiovascular applications, such as detection of coronary artery calcifications and evaluation of coronary plaque extent and composition.
JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR DEVELOPMENT AND DISEASE
(2023)
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Sandeep Sahay, Vijay Balasubramanian, Humna Memon, Abby Poms, Eduardo Bossone, Kristine Highland, Dana Kay, Deborah J. Levine, Christopher J. Mullin, Lana Melendres-Groves, Stephen C. Mathai, Francisco J. Soto, Oksana Shlobin, Jean M. Elwing
Summary: The utilization of risk assessment tools for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is low, and integrating these tools into electronic medical records (EMR) would improve their usage. While most PAH specialists believe that risk tools can lead to changes in treatment, their impact on other aspects of care is minimal.
PULMONARY CIRCULATION
(2022)
